Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering

Design and Evaluation of 3D Printed Molds for Engineered Muscle Fabrication: Hyun Ji Yang, Min Ju Choi, Yeong-Jin Choi; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(9):689-694.
Published online September 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.082

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Bioengineered skeletal muscle constructs that replicate the architectural, metabolic, and contractile characteristics of native tissue are becoming essential platforms for disease modeling and advancing regenerative medicine. The creation of these constructs relies heavily on cell-mediated gel compaction, a crucial process for facilitating tissue maturation. To ensure myotube alignment, muscle cell-laden hydrogels are typically embedded in 3D-printed molds with anchor structures. However, structural detachment or rupture often occurs during culture, which undermines the stability and functional differentiation of the engineered tissue. To address these challenges, we developed an improved anchor-type mold through a series of structural optimizations. We first compared two anchor geometries—linear and mushroom-shaped pillars—within rectangular frames, finding that the mushroom-shaped design provided better structural retention. However, the rectangular frames led to excessive gel compaction, causing detachment and disrupting cellular alignment, especially in central regions. To alleviate these issues, we introduced a dumbbell-shaped mold with a narrowed midsection to better distribute mechanical stress. This new mold effectively promoted aligned myotube formation, long-term construct maintenance, and functional maturation. Our findings underscore the benefits of structurally optimized molds in creating stable engineered muscle, with significant implications for regenerative therapies and preclinical testing platforms.

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Detection Method for Island Regions in 3D Printing: A CPU-based Approach: Young Seok Kang, Yeun Seop Kim, Seung Chae Na, Sang Jo Han; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(1):89-96.
Published online January 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.024.124

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Additive manufacturing, a key enabler of Industry 4.0, is revolutionizing the automatic landscape in manufacturing. The primary challenge in manufacturing innovation centers on the implementation of smart factories characterized by unmanned production facilities and automated management systems. To overcome this challenge, the adoption of 3D printing technologies, which offer significant advantages in standardizing production processes, is crucial. However, a major obstacle in complete automation of additive manufacturing is an inadequate placement of support structures at critical locations, which remains the leading cause of print failures. This study proposed a novel algorithm for accurate detection of island regions known to be critical areas requiring support structures. The algorithm can compare loops on two consecutive layers derived from STL files. In contrast to conventional GPU-based image comparison methods, our proposed CPU-based algorithm enables high-precision detection independent of image resolution. Experimental results demonstrated the algorithm's efficacy in enhancing the reliability of 3D printing processes and optimizing automated workflows. This research contributes to the advancement of smart manufacturing by addressing a critical challenge in the automation of additive manufacturing processes.

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Satellite Optical System Manufacturing Technology Using 3D Printing Technology: Seong Hyeon Park, Hwan Ho Maeng, Jin Yong Heo, Joong Kyu Ham, Jong Gyun Kang, Geon Hee Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2024;41(2):117-122.
Published online February 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.131

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A Study on the Wear Phenomena of PLA and PETG Materials for 3D Printing in Non-lubricated Condition: Yonsang Cho, Hyunseop Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2024;41(2):145-151.
Published online February 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.119

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With the recent development of 3D printing technology, various 3D printing materials have been developed and used. To utilize 3D-printed products with mechanical parts, studies on friction and wear characteristics according to relative motion between materials are required. However, tribology studies on 3D-printed materials are limited compared to those of the existing materials for mechanical parts. In this study, the frictional and wear characteristics are identified through a reciprocating wear test in non lubricated conditions between the Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) printed in the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) method. In the wear test between the same materials, the friction coefficient and wear rate were higher in the PLA than in the PETG, and PLA was deposited on the block due to high frictional heat. In the wear test of the PLA block and PETG bump, the wear of the PLA block decreased compared to the wear test between the same materials, but the wear of the PETG bump tended to increase. Therefore, it seems that the 3D-printed PETG may be more advantageous in terms of friction and wear than 3D-printed PLA during relative movement in a non lubricating condition.

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Tribological Properties of Fused Deposition Modeling-Printed Polylactic Acid and PLA-CF: Extrusion Temperature and Internal Structure
Paweł Zawadzki, Justyna Rybarczyk, Adam Patalas, Natalia Wierzbicka, Remigiusz Łabudzki, Băilă Diana, Fodchuk Igor, Bonilla Mirian
Journal of Tribology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Applications in Additive Manufacturing
Selim Ahamed Shah, In Hwan Lee, Hochan Kim
International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2025; 26(9): 2463. CrossRef

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DED Additive Manufacturing Using Auto-Surface Tracking Technology: Taeho Ha, Segon Heo, Changwoo Lee, Min-Kyo Jung, Jang-Wook Choi; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2023;40(3):217-222.
Published online March 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.004

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Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing technology enhances the functionality of existing or damaged parts by adding metallic materials to the surfaces. Blown-powder DED technology utilizes a focused, high-energy source to fuse the part’s surface with the supplied metal powder. Maintaining a constant stand-off distance (SOD), the distance between the deposition head and the workpiece, is a key factor in ensuring deposition quality, as variations in SOD will change the powder focus position and the laser spot size on the surface. Therefore, traditional additive manufacturing systems require CAD or pre-scanned surface data. In this study, we proposed auto-surface tracking technology. No workpiece CAD data or pre-scanned surface data are required, and in-situ measurement and feedback control can automatically consider the deposition height differences that cause a change in SOD when depositing the next layer. The accuracy of the SOD measurements and feedback control error was verified using a step height sample. The mean SOD measurement error was 4.7 ㎛ with a standard deviation of 42 ㎛ (reference SOD, 14 ㎜). The feasibility of the autosurface tracking technology was confirmed through the additive manufacturing processes of the gear and an actual blanking mold applied in the defense and industrial fields.

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A Study on 3D Printing Conditions Prediction Model of Bone Plates Using Machine Learning: Song Yeon Lee, Yong Jeong Huh; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2022;39(4):291-298.
Published online April 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.096

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Bone plates made of biodegradable polymers have been used to fix broken bones. 3D printers are used to produce the bone plates for fracture fixing in the industry. The dimensional accuracy of the product printed by a 3D printer is less than 80%. Fracture fixing plates with less than 80% dimensional accuracy cause problems during surgery. There is an urgent need to improve the dimensional accuracy of the product in the industry. In this paper, a methodology using machine learning was proposed to improve the dimensional accuracy. The proposed methodology was evaluated through case studies. The results predicted by the machine learning methodology proposed in this paper and the experimental results were compared through the experiment. After verification, results of the proposed prediction model and the experimental results were in good agreement with each other.

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A Case Study on Productivity Innovation through Convergence of Sand 3D Printing Technology: Kuk-Hyun Han, Jin-Wook Baek, Sang Yun Park, Tae Wan Lim, Ju Min Park; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(9):651-657.
Published online September 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.073

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Recently, competition in the manufacturing industry related to the preoccupation of new markets has drastically changed due to the increase in small quantity batch production products. Besides, business models utilizing 3D printing technology suitable for flexible manufacturing are gaining interest. As 3D printing technology is becoming more common, Design for Additive Manufacturing is also in the spotlight. However, the productivity of 3D printing technology is still insufficient in terms of mass production. In this study, the possibility of innovation in mass production process that combines 3D printing technology is presented through the case of innovation in manufacturing productivity of medium-speed engine cylinder head through the integration of sand 3D printing technology. It outlines how sand 3D printing technology is applied to cylinder head mass production processes, how the quality of cylinder head products can be improved compared to conventional pattern-based molding methods, and how productivity can be maximized by reducing process time and human error through hybrid production method with sand 3D printed integrated design cores. In conclusion, this paper presents the effectiveness of sand 3D printing technology which can secure product competitiveness by increasing the production capacity of mass production process, reducing production costs, improving quality, and reducing loss.

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Digital Transformation of Metal Casting Process Using Sand 3D Printing Technology with a Novel Methodology of Casting Design Inside a Core
Kuk-Hyun Han, Jin-Wook Baek, Tae Wan Lim, Ju Min Park
International Journal of Metalcasting.2023; 17(4): 2674. CrossRef

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A Study on Enhanced Uniformity of Artificial Flexible Vascular Grafts Fabricated by Dip-Coating Process: Yeong Seo Kim, Seung Mun Lee, Yu Seok Kim, Da Hye Yoo, Suk-Hee Park; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(5):365-371.
Published online May 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.009

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Three-dimensional (3-D) printing, with its capability for producing arbitrary shapes, has shown great potential for usage in patient-specific tissue engineering. However, if artificial tissues are fabricated directly through typical 3-D printing processes, the mechanical properties, particularly for softness or flexibility, significantly differ from those of natural tissues, resulting in inappropriate side effects during surgeries using vascular grafts. However, this can be overcome through the indirect 3-D printing of templates created with a thin-film formation process, such as dip coating. Dip coating is performed in two steps, including dipping/withdrawing a target base template from a polymer solution, and then drying the solvent into a solid thin film on the template. However, it is difficult to form a uniform layer on the arbitrary template because the gravitational flow of the coated solution disturbs the uniformity of the template as the solvent is drying. Therefore, we minimized the flow around the template after dip coating by rapidly removing the solvent removal by dipping the solution-coated template into ethanol. This reduced the solvent removal time and increased the viscosity of the coated solution, thereby alleviating the gravitational flow of the coated solution, and allowing us to successfully fabricate flexible vascular grafts.

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Fabrication of Long Porous Vascular Grafts Using Nozzle-Transfer Dip-Coating System
Seung-Mun Lee, Yeong-Seo Kim, Suk-Hee Park
Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2023; 22(7): 11. CrossRef
A Study on the Mechanical Properties of a Biocompatible Conduit Structure based on Electrospun Fibers
Jeong Hwa Kim, Jaewon Choi, Yong Jun Yoon, Young Hun Jeong
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2022; 39(10): 739. CrossRef

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Development of a Material Mixing Extrusion Type Chocolate 3D Printer: MinSoo Park, HyungJik Jeong, JaeHyuek Moon, JungMuk Lim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(2):145-151.
Published online February 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.089

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With the development of various 3D printing technologies, many studies are being conducted in the field of food printing. In particular, chocolate printing is widely used for decoration. As a result, there is a growing demand for color printing, which goes beyond conventional monochrome chocolate 3D printing. Therefore, in this study, we tried to confirm the possibility of printing a new color gradation by mixing two types of chocolates with different colors using a static mixer. For this purpose, extrusion type printer equipment consisting of extrusion parts with dual syringe, heater, and mixer, and transport parts with motors and linear guide were manufactured. Proper process conditions were achieved by changing the chocolate temperature and extrusion quantity. Through this process, the color-mixed structure was successfully printed, and it was confirmed through color-code analysis that proper mixing was achieved. Further, through the production of multi-mixed color chocolate printing structures with various shapes, structural and visual diversity was acquired.

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A Study on the Improving Extrusion Defects in FDM 3D Printers
Jun-Seok Do
Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2024; 23(4): 80. CrossRef
Study on the Reduction of Food Fabrication Time in Additive Manufacturing Process Using Dual Nozzle
Seung Yeop Baik, Ju Ho Park, Sang In Kang, In Hwan Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2021; 38(11): 879. CrossRef

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Development of a System to Retrieve Manufacturing Conditions to Support 3D Printing-Based Part Maintenance: Inhyeok Lee, Moohyun Cha, Daejung Kim, Duhwan Mun; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2020;37(8):633-640.
Published online August 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.021

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In order to maintain parts critical to using 3D printing technology, it is necessary to provide the user with information about powders, equipment, processing conditions, and inspection methods, as well as 3D CAD models used as input files for 3D printing operations. In order to address this issue, this paper proposes a manufacturing condition retrieval system that provides the information necessary for the maintenance of parts important to using 3D printing technology. To accomplish this, we define a data structure that stores manufacturing condition information for 3D printers. Then, after analyzing the user"s requirements, we design the manufacturing condition retrieval system. Finally, we implement a prototype system, construct a database using sample manufacturing condition sheets, and perform data retrieval experiments.

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Design for additive manufacturing knowledgebase development and its application for material extrusion
Samyeon Kim, Hwijae Park, Sang-in Park
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.2023; 37(12): 6193. CrossRef

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Manufacturing Automation System of Freeform Concrete Formwork Using S-LOM Method: Joonhyeok Sim, Hakmin Kim, Kyunwoo Park, Chanwoo Kim, Daehie Hong; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2020;37(1):43-50.
Published online January 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.019.125

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The number of freeform buildings has been continuously increasing, serving as a landmark representing a country or a city. However, most of the freeform buildings have been built with conventional construction methods and required a tremendous amount of construction cost. This study seeks to apply additive manufacturing technologies to the freeform concrete formwork. Among many additive manufacturing techniques, the study focuses on the Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) method because of its advantages on building speed and cost. Also, the LOM technique is modified by using sloped angle at the side surface of the laminated layer (called Sloped-LOM or S-LOM), which yields great increase in the accuracy. We built a new FreeForm Formwork 3D Printer (named F3D printer) using the new approach. The F3D printer consists of a 5-axis laser cutting device for sloped cutting of EPS (Expanded Poly-Styrene) sheets with high speed, an auto pallet changer for EPS feeding, and a palletizer for EPS loading. This paper introduces the S-LOM method and the F3D printer, and the comparisons of the outputs from the conventional method and S-LOM method through actual formwork production.

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Optimization Design of Student KSAE BAJA Knuckle Using SLM 3D Printer
Young Woo Im, Geon Taek Kim, Hyeon Sang Shin, Kang Min Kim, Bu Hyun Shin, Jong Won Lee, Jinsung Rho
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2023; 40(9): 719. CrossRef
Development of Connection Technology between Multi-Point Press and Flexible Mold for Manufacturing Free-Form Concrete Panel
Jiyeong Yun, Jongyoung Youn, Jihye Kim, Donghoon Lee
Buildings.2022; 12(6): 767. CrossRef
Development of an Adaptive Slicing Algorithm of Laminated Object Manufacturing Based 3D Printing for Freeform Formwork
Dongyoun Lee, Junho Hong
Buildings.2022; 12(9): 1335. CrossRef
Optimal slope cutting algorithm for EPS free-form formwork manufacturing
Harim Kim, Heejae Ahn, Chanwoo Kim, Dongyoun Lee, Taehoon Kim, Yeonho Ko, Hunhee Cho
Automation in Construction.2022; 143: 104527. CrossRef
Seismic Performance of F3D Free-Form Structures Using Small-Scale Shaking Table Tests
Min Jae Park, Gain Cheon, Robel Wondimu Alemayehu, Young K. Ju
Materials.2022; 15(8): 2868. CrossRef
An Analytical Study of the Latest Trends of Free-Form Molds
Jongyoung Youn, Jiyoung Yun, Sungjin Kim, Bumjin Han, Sunglok Do, Donghoon Lee
Sustainability.2022; 14(5): 3084. CrossRef
Development of Side Mold Control Equipment for Producing Free-Form Concrete Panels
Jiyeong Yun, Kyeongtae Jeong, Jongyoung Youn, Donghoon Lee
Buildings.2021; 11(4): 175. CrossRef

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Friction and Wear Characteristics of ABS-like Resin for 3D Printing Under Non-Lubricated Condition: Young Sang Jo, Hyun Seop Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2019;36(12):1117-1124.
Published online December 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.12.1117

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Recently, as the interest in 3D printing technology has increased, many efforts have been initiated to apply 3D printing technology to various industrial fields. The 3D printing technology is also widely applied in medical, electronics, and apparel industries. Many studies on 3D printing have focused on equipment and material development. However, to use 3D printed components, it is necessary to understand friction and wear phenomenon that will occur during relative motion between two bodies. In this study, friction and wear characteristics of ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)-like resin printed with the SLA (Stereo Lithography Apparatus) method were studies by using pin-on-disk and ball-on-disk methods. We also compared friction and wear characteristics between ABS-like resin-SUS304 and ABS-like resin-ABS-like resin. As a result, the relative motion between the ABS-like resin and SUS304 showed lower friction coefficient and wear amount than between the ABSlike resins. Markedly high frictional heat was observed because of the friction by the relative motion between the ABS-like resins. Experimental results show that further research on suitable lubricants is required to use 3D printed ABS-like resin parts as mechanical components.

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A Study on the Wear Phenomena of PLA and PETG Materials for 3D Printing in Non-lubricated Condition
Yonsang Cho, Hyunseop Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(2): 145. CrossRef
Effect of Frictional Characteristics on Surface Roughness and Glossiness in Polishing of ABS-Like Resin
Jungyu Son, Hyunseop Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2020; 37(11): 797. CrossRef

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Experimental Analysis on Multilayer Cladding Using AISI-M4/H13 Metal Powders for Enhancement of Wear Resistance and Shockproof Characteristics: Yeong Kwan Jo, Jae Hyun Yu, Ho Seung Jeong, Gyung Yoon Beak, Gi Yong Lee, Sang-Hu Park; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2019;36(11):1059-1064.
Published online November 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.11.1059

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Generally, press molds have thermal and mechanical impact wear during usage. To improve the life of the mold, enhancement of mechanical properties such as abrasion resistance and shockproof capability is required. To solve this, we propose the multi-layered cladding process of functional materials with different mixing ratios. AISI-D2 material, known as cold die steel, was used as base material and AISI-M4 and -H13 powders were used for surface cladding on the base metal for high resistance wear and shockproof capability. Four cases of specimens were prepared to compare mechanical properties after tests. Through this study, a specimen multiple cladded with mixing M4 and H13 powders for middle layer and M4 powder only for top layer showed 80% improvement in shockproof capability. We posit that this method based on multi-layer cladding with a combination of functional metal powders increased mold life.

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Hybrid Mechanical Surface Treatment Technology via UNSM and Burnishing for Realizing High Surface Hardness
Yeong-Wook Gil, Sang-Hu Park
Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2023; 22(10): 10. CrossRef
A Study on the Method and Application of Shaft Repair using Directed Energy Deposition Process
Yoon Sun Lee, Min Kyu Lee, Ji Hyun Sung, Myeong Pyo Hong, Yong Son, Seouk An, Oe Cheol Jeong, Ho Jin Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2021; 20(9): 1. CrossRef
Effect of Post-Heat Treatment on the AISI M4 Layer Deposited by Directed Energy Deposition
Gyeong Yun Baek, Gwang Yong Shin, Ki Yong Lee, Do Sik Shim
Metals.2020; 10(6): 703. CrossRef

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Case Study of Different Additive Manufacturing (AM) Processes from Environmental Impact Assessment: JuYoun Kwon, Namhun Kim, Jungmok Ma; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2019;36(4):431-439.
Published online April 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.4.431

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The additive manufacturing (AM) process is known to have a major influence on environmental impact. To find out AM process with lower environmental impact in the product manufacturing process, this study compares material extrusion (Fused Deposition Modeling, FDM), powder bed fusion (Laser Sintering, LS) and material jetting processes (Poly-Jet, PJ) for 200 NIST test artifacts, using data from the specification and software of three 3D printers (J750, P770 and uPrint SE Plus), the findings from various literature and Ecoinvent of SimaPro 8.4 database. The results showed that the effects of materials on the environment were the severest for LS (20.45 Pts) and the least for FDM (10.38 Pts) although the effects of power consumption on the environment were severest for FDM (126.91 Pts) and least for LS (20.18 Pts). To reduce the emission to environment in PJ and FDM, it is recommended to improve their printing speed and reduce power consumptions of waterjet and auxiliary equipment for support removal.

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Environmental Impact of Fused Filament Fabrication: What Is Known from Life Cycle Assessment?
Antonella Sola, Roberto Rosa, Anna Maria Ferrari
Polymers.2024; 16(14): 1986. CrossRef
Embodied CO2 Reduction Effects of Free-Form Concrete Panel Production Using Rod-Type Molds with 3D Plastering Technique
Seunghyun Son, Dongjoo Lee, Jinhyuk Oh, Sunkuk Kim
Sustainability.2021; 13(18): 10280. CrossRef
Environmental sustainability evaluation of additive manufacturing using the NIST test artifact
JuYoun Kwon, Namhun Kim, Jungmok Ma
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology.2020; 34(3): 1265. CrossRef
Sustainability of additive manufacturing: the circular economy of materials and environmental perspectives
Henry A. Colorado, Elkin I. Gutiérrez Velásquez, Sergio Neves Monteiro
Journal of Materials Research and Technology.2020; 9(4): 8221. CrossRef

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One-Step 3D Microfabrication of High-Resolution, High-Aspect-Ratio Micropillar Arrays for Soft Artificial Axons by Using Light-Induced Self-Focusing Photopolymerization: Seok Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2019;36(4):425-429.
Published online April 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.4.425

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Micro-/nano-scale biological ‘soft’ structures have attracted increasing interest in biomedical research, including the study of cell-material interactions. However, most materials of micro-/nano-fabrication are not suitable for biological applications, as they require extensive post-processing or exhibit high mechanical stiffness. On the other hand, soft materials exhibiting high cytocompatibility require long fabrication times with a decreased spatial resolution of features. Thus, a facile fabrication technique of micro-/nano-scale structures of biological soft materials using a cost-effective and high-throughput method is needed. To achieve this, this study proposed a one-step 3D microfabrication method for biological soft materials in cooperation with a light-induced self-focusing photo-polymerization, a controlled oxygen reaction-diffusion, and digital microprinting. For instance, it was anticipated that this microfabrication technique of soft material provides efficient simple 3D scaffold platform that can address the questions of neural mechanobiology studies on the interaction between biological artificial axons bundle and neurons.