Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering

Tape-casting Process Electrochemical Characteristic Test for Fabrication of LST-GDC for Anode Supported SOFCs: Min Ji Kim, Chunghyun Kim, Young-Beom Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(11):937-942.
Published online November 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.073

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In this study, we developed a composite anode support composed of La-doped SrTiO₃ (LST) and Gd-doped CeO₂ (GDC) using a tape casting process for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). By adjusting the pore former content in the slurry, we constructed a bilayered structure consisting of a porous anode support layer (ASL) and a dense anode functional layer (AFL) with the same material composition. The number of tape-cast sheets was controlled to tailor the overall thickness, and lamination followed by co-sintering at 1250^oC resulted in a mechanically robust bilayer. We characterized the microstructural evolution concerning sintering temperature and pore former content using SEM, while XRD confirmed the phase stability of LST and GDC. The measured electrical conductivity at 750^oC ensured sufficient electron transport. To enhance interfacial adhesion and suppress secondary phase formation, we introduced a GDC buffer layer and a pre-sintering treatment prior to electrolyte deposition. A full cell with a YSZ electrolyte and LSCF cathode achieved a stable open circuit voltage of approximately 0.7 V and demonstrated continuous operation at 750^oC. These findings highlight the suitability of LST-GDC composite anodes as thermochemically stable supports, potentially enabling direct hydrocarbon utilization in intermediate-temperature SOFCs.

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Optimized Microstructures for High Performance Ag/MWCNT/Ecoflex- based Flexible Pressure Sensors: Hyeon Yun Jeong, Jeong Beom Ko; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(8):657-664.
Published online August 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.065

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Recently, flexible pressure sensors featuring enhanced sensitivity and durability through nano/micro additive manufacturing have been employed in various fields, including medical monitoring, E-skin technology, and soft robotics. This study focuses on the fabrication and verification of an interdigitated electrode (IDE) based flexible pressure sensor that incorporates microstructures, utilizing a direct patterning-based additive process. The IDE-patterned sample was designed with a total size of 7.95 × 10 mm2, a line width of 150 µm, a spacing of 200 µm, and a probe pad measuring 1.25 × 2 mm2. It was fabricated using AgNP ink on a primed 100 µm thick polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate. The electrode layer was subsequently covered with a sensing layer made of a MWCNT/Ecoflex composite material, resulting in the final pressure sensor sample. Measurements indicated that the sensor exhibited good sensitivity and response speed, and it was confirmed that further improvements in sensitivity could be achieved by optimizing the size, spacing, and height of the microstructures. Building on the flexible pressure sensor structure developed in this study, we plan to pursue future research aimed at fabricating array sensors with integrated circuits and exploring their applicability in wearable devices for pressure sensing and control functions.

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Recent Advances in Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Sensors: Gwon Min Kim, Seong-Jun Jo, Jaehwan Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(5):367-379.
Published online May 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.012

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This paper extensively explores and analyzes the latest research trends in Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) sensors. IPMC sensors are known for their flexibility, lightness, and high responsiveness. They show great promise across different fields. They can respond sensitively to various stimuli such as mechanical deformation, humidity, and pressure, making them ideal for bio-responsive detection, health monitoring, and energy harvesting. This paper introduces actuation and sensing mechanisms of IPMCs, discusses their manufacturing processes, and explores how these processes can influence the responsiveness and stability of sensors. Moreover, through case studies of IPMC-based research that can perform self-sensing functions, it presents possibilities brought by the integration of sensors and actuators. This paper emphasizes the potential for research and development of IPMC sensors to expand into various industrial fields and explores ways to continuously improve the accuracy and reliability of sensors. IPMC-based sensors are expected to play a significant role in advancing medical devices and wearable technologies, thereby facilitating innovation in the field.

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Fabrication of Magneto-responsive Functional Surface through Removal of Residual Layer: Sungho Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2024;41(7):501-505.
Published online July 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.024.043

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With the advancement of microstructure manufacturing technology, an array of functional surfaces based on micro/nano structures have been developed. Recently, there has been active research in the development of functional surfaces using composite materials that combine the properties of two different materials. One notable area of research is the creation of functional surfaces that utilize magnetic force to actuate microstructures. Typically, these surfaces are produced using a composite material that blends a flexible, easily deformable material with iron particles that respond to magnetic force. However, the inclusion of iron particles in the flexible material can increase its Young’s modulus, making it more challenging to effectively actuate the microstructures. To address this issue, our paper presents a fabrication method that allows for the effective actuation of microstructures by removing the residual layer of the composite material. This method enables the arrangement of iron particles at the end of the microstructure, maximizing the bending of the microstructure when magnetic force is applied. Furthermore, we conducted experiments to actuate microstructures with varying ratios of iron particles, confirming the effectiveness of this fabrication method.

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Fabrication of Platinum-Samarium Doped Ceria Composite Cathode Using Sputtering Technique: Yongchan Park, Davin Jeong, Hyeontaek Kim, Hyeongmin Kim, Soonwook Hong; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2023;40(11):915-919.
Published online November 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.049

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In this study, we successfully demonstrated a fuel cell fabrication method using a platinum-samarium-doped ceria (Pt-SDC) composite cathode, which could reduce the platinum content while maintaining the same thickness as the functional layer. The Pt-SDC composite cathode was deposited by a sputtering process in which two materials were simultaneously deposited by a co-sputtering system. Despite the decreased platinum content in the composite cathode, we achieved high performance of the fuel cell since Pt-SCD was able to form triple-phase boundaries (TPBs) not only at the interface between the cathode and the electrolyte but at the entire volumetric surface of the cathode. This composite cathode revealed that Pt-SDC could enhance the oxygen reduction reaction rate by enlarging the TPB site in the cathode. The fuel cell fabricated in this study with a composite cathode demonstrated improved performance at 1.66 times the peak power density of a pristine fuel cell.

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A Study on Creep Phenomenon after the Releasing of Injection Molded Articles: Yu Jung Kim, Hee-Seon Bang; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2023;40(8):639-645.
Published online August 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.011

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Recently, with the expansion of application of polymer composite materials, high levels of deformation compensation actions have been developed. However, there is a problem of high-temperature viscoelasticity that occurs over time after completing the injection molding process. In this study, changes of mechanical properties of the Moldflow program for injection molding were analyzed to verify the viscoelasticity phenomenon through deformation analysis. In addition, deformation analysis of plastic injection molded products according to arrangement of three ribs was conducted and two products with different geometric shapes of the same function were compared. As a result, it was possible to reflect the viscoelastic effect by reducing the elastic modulus and shear modulus of the material. It was confirmed that the geometric shape with thick ribs formed in multiple longitudinal directions was mainly responsible. On the surface of the product where the rib arrangement was parallel and perpendicular to the flow direction, the orientation was orthogonal to the linear direction and the maximum residual stress was 81.17 MPa, which showed the largest value. It was judged that viscoelastic phenomena could be predicted and that an arrangement of parallel and perpendicular ribs that might intersect should be avoided.

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Fabrication of Nanopatterned Metal Mold based on Zirconia Nanoparticle and its Application into Thermal Replication of Thermoplastic Materials: Selim Park, Kyoung Chan Min, Sowon Jang, Yujin Ha, Wook-Bae Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2022;39(7):501-508.
Published online July 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.022.059

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Fabrication of a durable and strong nanopatterned mold insert using metal sheet and plate is important for molding of thermoplastic materials. Conventionally, the nickel stamper replicating a master pattern by electroforming process has been used for injection molding of nanotextured products such as Blu-ray media. However, a more facile and cheaper mold fabrication process is highly required for manufacturing of functional products based on nanostructured surface. In this study, zirconia nanoparticles were blended with UV curing polymer to fabricate a polymer nanocompositebased nanopattern mold. Compared to the cured pure Ormostamp, the modulus of elasticity of the nanocomposite filled with approximately 54 vol% of zirconia nanoparticles increased by 160 times. Additionally, the modulus of elasticity reached 197 ㎬ by thermal decomposition of the UV-Cured polymer and post-annealing at 800°C of the nanoparticle layer. The nanopatterns were formed on stainless steel sheet and block, and applied to hot embossing of the PMMA films and injection molding of the COC materials, respectively. No deterioration of the mold occurred during the hot embossing 30 times and the injection molding 600 shots. Nanoparticle-enhanced UV curing nanocomposites or post-heat treatment methods are cost-efficient and easy, because many molds can be manufactured from one master pattern.

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Design of Fixing Frame with Foam Cored CFRP Sandwich Composite for Hydrogen Storage Vessels: Jae-Chul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2022;39(1):45-50.
Published online January 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.100

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A fixing frame applied with Foam Cored CFRP Sandwich Composite (FCCSC) that replaces SAPH440 steel used in the fixing frame for hydrogen storage was designed, and its structural safety was evaluated. In the design of the fixing frame, FCCSC was implemented by PMI foam core, a Bakelite mount, and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) using woven carbon fiber prepreg. Unlike the steel fixing frame, the FCCSC-applied fixing frame had a cross-section of hollow-rectangular, and its validity was confirmed through finite element analysis. Structural analysis of the designed FCCSCapplied fixing frame and steel fixing frame was performed. Under the extreme load condition of 9G acceleration, the steel fixing frame showed the lowest safety factor of 1.14 based on the yield strength in the opposite direction of gravity. On the other hand, the FCCSC-applied fixing frame showed a safety factor of 7.6 at the maximum principal stress and 3.15 at the shear stress. Through this result of structural analysis, it was verified that the FCCSC-applied fixing frame, which was 25.8% lighter than the steel fixing frame, was 1.8 times safer.

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A State-of-the-Art Review of Structural Monitoring Using Piezoelectric Paint Sensors: Hyunjin Bae, Kyungwho Choi; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(12):927-934.
Published online December 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.092

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Recently, large-scale accidents caused by minor damage from fatigue failure and impact on structures have been frequently reported. Therefore, a real-time damage monitoring system of structures is considered to be one of the most important technologies to ensure safety in various types of research. The piezoelectric sensor, which has an advantage of converting deformation of a structure into an electrical signal without using an additional power source, has been reported as one of the most suitable methods for real-time monitoring systems. This review aims to describe the structural monitoring system utilizing piezoelectric paint sensors. First, we present the concept of a piezoelectric paint sensor with the advantages of flexibility and piezoelectric performance. Then, factors affecting the performance of the piezoelectric paint sensor are introduced. Finally, an overview of piezoelectric paint sensors for structural monitoring, such as vibration detection and impact monitoring, are provided. The state-of-the-art of the application of the piezoelectric sensor is also introduced, providing feasibility in industrial fields.

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Evaluation of MWCNT/PU sponge-based triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting mechanical energy
Insik Jo, Byungchul Kim, Hyungsik Won, SunHee Kim, Kyungwho Choi, Dukhyun Choi
Functional Composites and Structures.2025; 7(3): 035010. CrossRef

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Evaluation of Structural Integrity of 6.8 L Composite Pressure Vessel Manufactured by Domestic Carbon Fiber: Nam Hoon Kim, Eun Bi Lee, Hyo Hun An, Kwang Bok Shin; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(12):953-958.
Published online December 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.088

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In this study, the structural integrity of a 6.8 L composite pressure vessel manufactured using H2550 carbon fiber was evaluated by the finite element analysis method, and the reliability of the analysis method was verified by comparing the hydrostatic test and analysis results. The pressure vessel was manufactured using the filament winding method and a hydrostatic test was performed to evaluate the failure mode and burst pressure of the manufactured composite pressure vessel. To construct the finite element model, a cyclic symmetric model, which only considers 1° of the front part, was used to reduce the analysis time and increase the modeling efficiency. As the carbon fiber was wound along the curved surface of the dome part, the winding angle and lamination thickness were modeled to change according to the dome radius. Comparison of the analysis and test results confirmed similar behavior in the axial and hoop strain diagrams due to internal pressure. In addition, it was found that the maximum fiber direction stress of the hoop layer showed an error of 3%, verifying the reliability of the finite element analysis method.

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Techno-economic analysis of type III and IV composite hydrogen storage tanks for fuel cell vehicles
Hyun Kyu Shin, Sung Kyu Ha
Advanced Composite Materials.2024; 33(4): 527. CrossRef

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Analysis of Compression Behavior on 3D Microlattices Coated with Metal Nanoparticle-Polymer Composites: Seo Rim Park, Do Hyeog Kim, Seok Kim, Young Tae Cho; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(9):631-637.
Published online September 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.071

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Microlattice is well known as an efficient structure having a low density which maintains mechanical properties, so microlattice is being applied to the structural design of lightweight material in many industrial fields. In this study, we proposed a core-shell microlattice structure by the conformal coating of a metal nanoparticle-polymer composite in order to enhance the mechanical properties of polymeric microlattice printed by light-based 3D printing method. Polymeric architected microlattice was fabricated using digital light printing, which enabled the printing of complex structures with good surface smoothness. Then, the polymeric microlattice was conformally coated with aluminum nanoparticle-polymer composites. To investigate the effect of the metal nanoparticle-polymer composite coating on the mechanical properties of the microlattice, we studied the compressive behavior of cubic and octet-truss microlattices. As a result, we confirmed that both compressive strength and toughness of the two types of microlattices were effectively increased by coating with aluminum nanoparticle-polymer composites.

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Robust catalyst 3D microarchitectures by digital light printing with ceramic particle–polymer composites
Do Hyeog Kim, Sang-Hoon Nam, Gina Han, Seo Rim Park, Gwang Ho Jeong, Seok Kim, Young Tae Cho, Nicholas Xuanlai Fang
APL Materials.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Study on Mechanical Properties of MWCNT Reinforced Photocurable Urethane Acrylate for Additive Manufacturing
Hyunjun Jo, Bum-Joo Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(3): 199. CrossRef

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A Study on the Smart Design and Cooling Performance of Electric Vehicle Motor Using Metal-Hybrid Materials: Sung-Hwan Bang, Dong-Ryul Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(8):595-603.
Published online August 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.039

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The aim of this study is to numerically investigate the cooling performance of the electric vehicle motor depending on the attachment of the heat sink and materials to the cooling channel. The research focused on the numerical comparison of forced convective heat transfer coefficients with case 1 (Heat Sink-None, Cooling Channel-Al), case 2 (Heat Sink-None, Cooling Channel-Metal Hybrid Material), case 3 (Heat Sink-4EA, Cooling Channel-Al), and case 4 (Heat Sink-6EA, Cooling Channel-Al). To compare the cooling performance for novel design of the smart cooling system, selected local positions for various temperature distributions were marked on the coil surface. Normalized local Nusselt number of the cooling area at the normalized width position indicated that cooling performance of case 1 was on an average 8.05, 0.57, and 5.85% lower than that of cases 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

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Vehicle-motion-based Front Wheel Steer Angle Estimation for Steer-by-Wire System Fault Tolerance
Seungyong Choi, Wanki Cho, Seung-Han You
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(5): 347. CrossRef

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Evaluation of Strength Transition Rate for 6.8 L Composite Pressure Vessel Using Domestic High Strength Carbon Fiber: Sang Hyup Lee, Nam Hoon Kim, Kwang Bok Shin; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2020;37(11):843-848.
Published online November 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.064

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The munitions industry uses high-strength carbon fiber composites imported from other countries because of the lack of the information about the properties that should be satisfied by the domestic high-strength carbon fiber composites. Verification of the applicability of domestic high-strength carbon fiber composites to the munitions industry requires comparison of the fiber strength transition rate between the carbon fiber composites imported from other countries and domestically. A strand test was performed to evaluate in the unit of a fiber the mechanical properties of the imported high-strength carbon fiber composites and domestically. Additionally, a composite pressure vessel was prepared using the filament winding method to perform a hydrostatic pressure test and calculate the fiber strength in the unit of a structure. Comparison of the fiber strength results showed that the fiber strength transition rates of the domestic carbon fiber composites H2550 and H3055, were 86.35 and 74.19%, respectively. Domestic carbon fiber composite material H2550 is expected to be replaceable in the munitions industry.

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Evaluation of Structural Integrity of 6.8 L Composite Pressure Vessel Manufactured by Domestic Carbon Fiber
Nam Hoon Kim, Eun Bi Lee, Hyo Hun An, Kwang Bok Shin
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2021; 38(12): 953. CrossRef

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Development of DLP 3D Printer with Multiple Composite Materials: SoRee Hwang, JongWon Lee, SoHyang Lee, DaeGi Hong, MinSoo Park; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2020;37(5):381-388.
Published online May 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.019.128

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Since most commercialized DLP 3D printers fabricate 3D structures by sinking materials to Vat using a bottom-up method, it is difficult to use various materials simultaneously and there are many restrictions on printing composite materials. Especially, composite resin mixed with various functional powders in photo curable resin generally has high viscosity, causing difficult material flow in the bottom-up method when using Vat. Additionally, most of the previously presented methods for fabricating multi-material structure use individual curing for each material, so the adhesion force at the contact surface is less than 50% compared to single material. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new type of DLP 3D printer that combines Material Extrusion and the DLP system. The proposed equipment can supply high viscosity composite material resins to a specific area to cure various materials simultaneously. This method will enable fabrication of multiple composite material structures with sufficient adhesion force. The tensile test will be performed to verify suitability of the proposed method.

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Evaluation of Bond Strength in Multi-Material Specimens Using a Consumer-Grade LCD 3D Printer
Shunpei Shimizu, Masaya Inada, Tomoya Aoba, Haruka Tamagawa, Yuichiro Aoki, Masashi Sekine, Sumihisa Orita
Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing.2025; 9(10): 332. CrossRef
Development of a Material Mixing Extrusion Type Chocolate 3D Printer
MinSoo Park, HyungJik Jeong, JaeHyuek Moon, JungMuk Lim
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2021; 38(2): 145. CrossRef
Dimensional Characteristics of 3D Printing by FDM and DLP Output Methods
Myung-Hwi Jung, Jeong-Ri Kong, Hae-Ji Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2021; 20(1): 66. CrossRef
Property Analysis of Photo-Polymerization-Type 3D-Printed Structures Based on Multi-Composite Materials
So-Ree Hwang, Min-Soo Park
Applied Sciences.2021; 11(18): 8545. CrossRef

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Environmental Impact Evaluation on Lightweight Structure Design of a Composite Ship by LCA (Life Cycle Assessment): Daekyun Oh, Dongkun Lee, Sookhyun Jeong; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2019;36(9):875-881.
Published online September 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.9.875

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In this study, optimum design algorithm for composite ship structures is applied to a 52-ft. yacht to conduct comparative analyses by life cycle assessments, through which a material design method is proposed to cope with environmental regulation of the ship. Through the case study, the weight of the ship was reduced, and life cycle assessments of the original and lightweight vessels were performed using SimaPro 8. Weight was reduced by 10.47%. Also, at ‘In Production’, global warming and ozone layer depletion indicators decreased by 26.3 and 42.9%, respectively. At ‘In Use’, global warming and ozone layer depletion indicators decreased by 3.81%, with the ship operating for 20 years. Environmental impact of unit weight glass fiber and resin (raw materials used in composite structures) were compared. It was found that resin has higher impact on global warming and ozone depletion than glass fiber by factors of two and eight, respectively. Consequently, it was confirmed that a material design that preferentially reduces content of resin improves the eco-friendly performance of the composite ship.

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A Study of Structural Strength Characteristics for Application of Carbon Composites in Fishing Vessel Hull
Hae-Soo Lee, Hyung-Won Lee, Seung-June Choi, Myung-Jun Oh
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