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소형 솔레노이드를 이용한 개폐 구조 설계

Design of a Cover Locking Mechanism with a Miniature Solenoid

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2017;34(11):807-812.
Published online: November 1, 2017

1 고려대학교 대학원 기계공학과

2 고려대학교 기계공학부

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#E-mail: kwonhkim@korea.ac.kr, TEL: +82-2-3290-3360
• Received: November 16, 2016   • Revised: July 6, 2017   • Accepted: July 21, 2017

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • In this investigation, a locking mechanism was proposed for electronic products that have battery covers. The exterior design of electronic products has been advanced with diversified materials including polymers and metals. Unlike polymers such as polycarbonate, metals are not easily deformed. Therefore, products with a metallic exterior have an added button to release the battery cover, which limits the quality of the exterior design. In this study, a new design without a release button that included a miniature solenoid inside the product was proposed. The Taguchi method was used to maximize the attraction force of the solenoid while, at the same time, minimizing its dimensions.
최근 스마트폰 등 전자제품의 디자인이 고급화되면서 제품 외관에 다양한 소재가 사용되고 있다. 특히 외부 케이스가 금속 재질인 제품들이 인기를 얻기 시작하였다.
PC (Polycarbonate)등 고분자 재질의 유연성을 이용하여 배터리 커버를 개폐하는 연구1도 있지만 금속 재질은 쉽게 휘어지지 않으므로 탈착용 버튼과 구조를 이용하여 배터리 커버를 구현한 연구2가 있었다. 이 경우, 버튼은 디자인의 고급화에 제약 요소로 작용하게 된다. 그렇기 때문에 금속 케이스를 채택한 많은 제품이 배터리 일체형 디자인을 채택하게 되는데, 배터리를 교체할 수 없다는 다른 측면의 소비자 불만이 발생하게 된다.
디자인 고급화와 더불어 제품의 두께도 얇아지는 추세이다. 얇은 두께를 가지면서 액츄에이터의 기능을 할 수 있는 부품으로 솔레노이드(Solenoid)를 선택하였다.
솔레노이드에 대하여는 가동철심 구조에 대한 연구,3 끌어당기는 힘(Attraction Force)은 전류와 공극부의 영향을 받는다는 연구4,5등이 있다.
현재 판매되는 솔레노이드의 최소 두께는 10 mm로 얇은 제품에 적용하기에는 너무 두껍다. 본 연구에서는 외부에 탈착용 버튼이 없는 배터리 커버 개폐 구조를 제안하였고 이에 사용하기 위한 두께 6 mm의 소형 솔레노이드를 설계하였으며, 솔레노이드 끌어당기는 힘을 극대화하고 설치 공간을 최소화 하였다.
2.1 구조
개폐 구조는 배터리 커버를 열고 닫을 수 있는 구조를 말하며 외부 버튼 없이 동작 할 수 있다. 개폐 구조를 Figs. 1(a)1(b)에 도시하였다.
Fig. 1

Battery cover locking mechanism using solenoid

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f001.jpg
Fig. 1(a)는 솔레노이드를 구성하는 가동 철심(Moving Core), 공극부(Air Gap), 리턴 스프링(Return Spring), 코일(Coil)과 잠금 기구(Locking Mechanism)를 구성하는 무빙 후크(Moving Hook), 무빙 스프링(Moving Spring)을 보여준다.
Fig. 1(b)는 리프트 기구(Cover Lift Mechanism)를 구성하는 리프트 커버(Lift Cover)와 리프트 스프링(Lift Spring)을 보여준다.
2.2 작동 방법
사용자가 개폐 구조의 구동 명령을 내리면 Fig. 2(a)의 코일에 전류가 흐르고 솔레노이드 가동 철심이 공극부가 있는 +X축 방향으로 움직여 무빙 후크가 +X축 방향으로 움직이게 되고 배터리 커버와 체결되어 있던 무빙 후크 걸림량이 줄어들게 된다. 가동 철심이 계속 움직여서 무빙 후크가 커버 후크에서 해제되면 Fig. 2(b)의 리프트 스프링이 리프트 커버를 상승시키고 이 힘에 의해서 배터리 커버는 열리게 된다.
Fig. 2

Operation of battery cover locking mechanism using solenoid

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f002.jpg
배터리 커버가 열린 후 전류가 끊어지게 되면 리턴 스프링과 무빙 스프링의 힘에 의해서 가동 철심과 무빙 후크는 –X축 방향으로 이동하여 원래 자리로 복귀하게 된다.
배터리 커버를 닫으면 커버 후크와 무빙 후크가 다시 체결되어 배터리 커버가 안정적으로 고정된다.
2.3 솔레노이드 설계인자
솔레노이드 끌어당기는 힘은 제한된 공간내에서 무빙 후크의 움직임에 중요한 역할을 한다.
끌어당기는 힘에 영향을 주는 설계 인자들을 Fig. 3에 나타내었다. 각 인자들을 2수준으로 설정하여 Table 1에 수록하였다.
Fig. 3

Design parameters of the solenoid for optimization

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f003.jpg
Table 1

Design parameters in 2 levels

Table 1
Design parameter Level 1 Level 2
Moving core weight (A) 5.7 g 3.9 g
Air gap (B) 6 mm 12 mm
Current (C) 3A 5A
Diameter of coil wire (D) 0.22 mm 0.32 mm
2.4 솔레노이드 끌어당기는 힘 분석
Table 12수준 값들에 대하여 Taguchi 실험계획법6을 수행하였다. L8직교 배열표를 사용하였고 교호작용을 배제하기 위하여 1, 2, 4, 7번 컬럼을 사용하였다. 끌어당기는 힘(F) 측정방법으로 푸시풀 게이지(Push-Pull Gauge)를 사용하였고 총 10회 반복 측정에 대한 평균값을 얻었다.
Table 2

Test results of L8 orthogonal array for the 4 control factors

Table 2
RUN A B C D F (gf)
1 1 1 1 1 74.8
2 1 1 2 2 74.8
3 1 2 1 2 80.8
4 1 2 2 1 140.8
5 2 1 1 2 57.4
6 2 1 2 1 74.2
7 2 2 1 1 126.4
8 2 2 2 2 105.4
Table 2의 결과를 보면 4번 실험(조건: 5.7 g, 12 mm, 5A, 0.22 mm)이 가장 높은 값을, 5번 실험(조건: 3.9 g, 6 mm, 3A, 0.32 mm)이 가장 낮은 값을 갖는 것을 알 수 있다.
Fig. 4는 끌어당기는 힘에 영향을 주는 각 설계인자들의 기여도를 나타낸다. 공극부의 길이, 코일 와이어의 직경, 전류, 가동 철심의 중량 순으로 끌어당기는 힘에 기여를 한다.
Fig. 4

Mean value analysis of the design parameters

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f004.jpg
영향이 큰 설계인자 중 공극부의 길이는 가동 철심의 초기 위치를 결정하며 솔레노이드 크기를 좌우한다. 설치공간의 제약으로 공극부의 길이는 2수준 값으로 확정한다.
코일 와이어 직경은 솔레노이드 두께 6 mm로 검토 했을 때 0.10-0.45 mm범위에서 선택 가능하다. 끌어당기는 힘 극대화를 위한 최적의 코일 와이어 직경 선정이 필요했다. 먼저 끌어당기는 힘에 대한 정량적인 분야에서 검토를 아래와 같이 진행하였다.
3.1 최적화 방법
솔레노이드 끌어당기는 힘 모델의 검증을 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. 검증된 모델을 이용하여 최적의 코일 직경을 도출하고, 이에 가장 근접하는 규격의 코일을 선택하였다.
3.2 끌어당기는 힘 실험
아두이노(Arduino)7를 사용하여 구성한 실험 장치는 Fig. 5와 같다. 가동 철심에 가속도센서를 부착하고 코일에 전류를 흘려서 끌어당기는 힘을 측정하였다. 가속도센서를 통해서 +X축 방향 가속도 값을 총 10회 측정하였다. 평균 가속도 데이터의 적분을 통해 속도 데이터를 얻었다.
Fig. 5

Acceleration measuring instrument of solenoid moving core

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f005.jpg
가속도 센서는 MPU6050 (Invensense社)으로 입력전압 3.3 V, 샘플링레이트 1 kHz, 상한주파수 250 Hz, 분해능 1/16384(LSB/G), 측정 범위 ±2(G) 이다.
3.3 수치 모델
솔레노이드 코일은 저항(Resistor)과 인덕턴스(Inductance)의 직렬 배열로 표현된다. 솔레노이드 전압 방정식은 패러데이 법칙(Faraday’s Law)에 따라 가동 철심의 움직임에 따라 변화하는 자기장에 대해 코일에 유도되는 기전력이 발생함으로 다음과 같이 표현된다.
(1)
V=IR+NdΦdt
여기서 I는 전류, R은 저항, N은 코일 감은수, Φ는 자속(Magnetic Flux)이다.
솔레노이드 구조에서 가동 철심의 위치에 따른 자속을 이용하여 자계(Magnetic Field)의 세기를 구하는 공식은 Cheung등9이제안 하였고 수식으로 다음과 같이 표현된다.
(2)
ΦxAμa+ΦlAμs=NI
여기서 μa는 공기 투자율, μs은 가동 철심 투자율, A는 코일의 축 방향 투영면적, x는 공극부의 길이, l은 가동 철심 길이이다. 위 식을 자속으로 정리하면 다음과 같이 표현된다.
(3)
Φ=μaANIx+lμs
솔레노이드 구조에서 자속은 전류와 공극부의 길이에 영향을 받기 때문에 전미분을 통해 식(1)을 정리하면 다음과 같이 표현된다.
(4)
V=IR+NΦIdIdt+Φxdxdt
식(4)식(3)를 대입하여 정리하면 다음과 같은 솔레노이드 전압 방정식으로 표현된다.
(5)
V=IR+μaAN2x+lμsdIdt-μaAN2Ix+lμs2dxdt
전압 방정식의 양변에 전류(I)를 곱하면 동력 방정식을 구할 수 있다.
(6)
VI=I2R+μaAN2x+lμsIdIdt-μaAN2I2x+lμs2dxdt
식(6)의 기계적 일은 가동 철심의 힘(F)와 속도(V)이므로 다음과 같이 표현된다.
(7)
F=-μaAN2I2x+lμs2dxdt
식(7)에서 속도(V)를 양변에서 없애주면 가동 철심의 힘(F)를 구할 수 있다.
(8)
F=-μaAN2I2x+lμs2
1자유도 감쇠 시스템(Spring-Mass-Damper System)에 가동 철심의 힘(F)가 인가된다고 정리하고 식(8)을 대입하여 식(9)과 같이 정리 할 수 있다.
(9)
mx¨+Cx˙+Kx=Fmdx2dt2+Cdxdt+Kx=-μaAN2I2x+lμs2
여기서 m은 질량, C는 감쇠계수, K는 스프링 상수이다.
솔레노이드 끌어당기는 힘의 수치 모델을 구하기 위해 식(5)식(9)을 이용하여 일차 미분방정식을 구하였고 곽무석10은 아래와 같이 정리하였다.
(10)
dxdt=vf (v)dvdt=1mμaAN2I2x+lμs2-Cv-Kxg(x,v,I)dIdt=x+lμsμaAN2V-IR+μaAN2Ix+lμs2vh(x,v,I)
식(10)Table 3의 상수 값을 대입하고 수치 해석 프로그램인 MATLAB으로 가속도, 속도 데이터를 얻을 수 있었다. 고차 미분항 없이 해를 얻을 수 있는 상미분방정식의 수치 해석 방법으로 4th Order Runge-Kutta Method11를 이용하였다.
Table 3

Constants of optimized solenoid

Table 3
Diameter of coil wire (d) 0.32 mm
Length of moving core (l) 30 mm
Mass of moving core (m) 7.05 g
Permeability of moving core (μs) 1.26 × 10-4 H/m
Permeability of air (μa) 1.26 × 10-6 H/m
Number of turns (N) 184
Projected area of solenoid coil (A) 19.62 mm2
Input current (I) 5A
3.4 수치모델 검증
Fig. 5의 실험장비를 통해 얻은 속도, 가속도 값과 식(10) 을 통해 얻은 값을 Figs. 67 에 나타내었다. Figs. 67의 그래프를 보면 초기 시작 정보(가동 철심과 가속도센서 무게)차이에 따라서 최대값이 약간 상이하게 나오지만 검토 결과 실험 결과와 수치 해석 결과가 대체적으로 일치하여 수치 모델의 신뢰성이 검증 되었다.
Fig. 6

Comparison of moving core acceleration: simulation and experiment

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f006.jpg
Fig. 7

Comparison of moving core velocity: simulation and experiment

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f007.jpg
3.5 코일 와이어 직경 최적화
기존의 솔레노이드 코일에 대한 연구12에 의하면, 코일 와이어 저항(Rcoil)은 코일의 와이어 직경(d), 축방향 권수(N), 반경 방향 권수(M)의 변수들을 통해 다음과 같이 표현된다.
(11)
Rcoil=ρcopper × 2π NMD+M2d2π d22
식(11)Table 4의 상수값을 대입하였다. 직경(d)은 0.10-0.45 mm 범위를 적용하였고 검증된 수치 모델을 통해 속도 그래프를 구할 수 있다. Fig. 8에서 최대속도를 갖는 직경이 0.22 mm라는 것을 알 수 있다. 그 결과를 가지고 AWG 코일 와이어 규격집13에서 보면 AWG number 31 (0.227 mm)를 선정 할 수 있었다.
Table 4

Variables and constants of solenoid coil for optimization

Table 4
Diameter of coil wire (d) 0.10-0.45 mm
Number of radial turns of coil (M) 2-10 turns
Number of axial of coil (N) 42-190 turns
Length of bobbin (L) 19 mm
Diameter of bobbin (D) 4 mm
Resistivity of copper (Ω·m) 1.72 × 10-8
Fig. 8

Moving core velocity of solenoids with various coil wire diameter

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f008.jpg
3.6 끌어당기는 힘 검증
Fig. 8의 결과를 반영하여 코일 직경 0.32 mm와 0.22 mm의 끌어당기는 힘을 비교 측정 하였다. 총 10개의 샘플을 제작하여 측정하였고 평균 107 gf, 141 gf으로 확인되었다. 이를 통해 최적 코일 와이어 직경 선정에 따른 끌어당기는 힘이 31% 향상 된 것을 확인 할 수 있었다.
끌어당기는 힘의 설계 인자 중 공극부 길이는 솔레노이드 크기와 끌어당기는 힘에 영향을 준다. 현재의 공극부 길이를 유지하면서 솔레노이드 크기를 줄일 수 있는 방법을 TRIZ기법14을 통해 모색하였다.
4.1 TRIZ 모순 해석
TRIZ의 기술적 모순은 다음과 같다.
“솔레노이드 크기를 줄이기 위해서는 가동 철심의 길이를 줄여야 하고 길이가 줄면 리턴 스프링을 설치할 수 없게 되어 복귀력이 소멸된다.”
개선 변수는 가동 철심의 길이로 “움직이는 물체의 부피(7)”이고 상반 변수는 줄어드는 “힘(10)”으로 볼 수 있다. 이 같은 변수들에 관하여 모순 행렬표에 대입하여 Table 5와 같은 문제 해결 원리를 도출 하였다.
Table 5

TRIZ technical contradiction analysis

Table 5
Feature to improve Worsening feature
force(10)
Volume of moving object(7) 15, 35, 36, 37
4.2 모순 해석을 통한 설계 개선
솔레노이드 크기를 줄이기 위하여, TRIZ의 기술적 모순 해석을 통해 도출된 해결 원리 중 속성 변화(35)의 방법을 적용하였다.
속성변화는 “물리적 상태를 바꾸는 방법”을 의미한다. 이 방법을 적용하여 비어있는 공극부에 비자성체를 삽입하여 가동 철심과 무빙 후크를 하나의 부품으로 제작하였다. 그 결과 리턴 스프링의 기능을 무빙 스프링으로 대체할 수 있어서 리턴 스프링 구간이 필요하지 않아 삭제하였다. 이를 통해 가동 철심의 길이를 기존 설계 대비 8 mm를 줄일 수 있었고, 개선된 설계도면을 Fig. 9 에 나타내었다.
Fig. 9

Improvement of battery cover locking mechanism using TRIZ

KSPE_2017_v34n11_807_f009.jpg
4.3 개선된 솔레노이드 검증
Fig. 9의 결과를 가지고 기존 설계와 개선 설계의 끌어당기는 힘을 비교 측정 하였다. 총 10개의 샘플을 제작하여 측정하였고 평균 141 gf, 112 gf으로 확인되었다. 이를 통해 솔레노이드 크기 변경에 따른 끌어당기는 힘은 20% 감소 되는 것으로 확인 할 수 있었다. 그 원인으로 공극부가 빈 공간일 때 대비 가동 철심의 가속 구간이 줄어들어 끌어당기는 힘이 줄었다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 리턴 스프링 삭제로 개폐 동작에 필요한 솔레노이드의 힘이 줄어들어 개폐 구조 동작에는 문제가 없었다.
외부 버튼 없이 배터리 커버를 열고 닫을 수 있는 개폐 구조를 개발하였다. 개폐 구조는 솔레노이드, 잠금 기구, 리프트 기구로 구성 되어있다. 슬림화 추세에 있는 많은 전자제품에 적용하기 위해 두께가 얇은 소형 솔레노이드를 개발하였다. Taguchi 실험계획법으로 주요 설계인자들이 끌어당기는 힘에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 실험적으로 검증된 솔레노이드 모델을 기반으로 코일 와이어 직경의 최적화를 수행하여 끌어당기는 힘을 31% 향상시킬 수 있었다. 또한 TRIZ기법을 통해 솔레노이드의 길이를 25% 감소시킬 수 있었다.
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Design of a Cover Locking Mechanism with a Miniature Solenoid
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2017;34(11):807-812.   Published online November 1, 2017
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Design of a Cover Locking Mechanism with a Miniature Solenoid
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2017;34(11):807-812.   Published online November 1, 2017
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Design of a Cover Locking Mechanism with a Miniature Solenoid
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Battery cover locking mechanism using solenoid
Fig. 2 Operation of battery cover locking mechanism using solenoid
Fig. 3 Design parameters of the solenoid for optimization
Fig. 4 Mean value analysis of the design parameters
Fig. 5 Acceleration measuring instrument of solenoid moving core
Fig. 6 Comparison of moving core acceleration: simulation and experiment
Fig. 7 Comparison of moving core velocity: simulation and experiment
Fig. 8 Moving core velocity of solenoids with various coil wire diameter
Fig. 9 Improvement of battery cover locking mechanism using TRIZ
Design of a Cover Locking Mechanism with a Miniature Solenoid

Design parameters in 2 levels

Design parameter Level 1 Level 2
Moving core weight (A) 5.7 g 3.9 g
Air gap (B) 6 mm 12 mm
Current (C) 3A 5A
Diameter of coil wire (D) 0.22 mm 0.32 mm

Test results of L8 orthogonal array for the 4 control factors

RUN A B C D F (gf)
1 1 1 1 1 74.8
2 1 1 2 2 74.8
3 1 2 1 2 80.8
4 1 2 2 1 140.8
5 2 1 1 2 57.4
6 2 1 2 1 74.2
7 2 2 1 1 126.4
8 2 2 2 2 105.4

Constants of optimized solenoid

Diameter of coil wire (d) 0.32 mm
Length of moving core (l) 30 mm
Mass of moving core (m) 7.05 g
Permeability of moving core (μs) 1.26 × 10-4 H/m
Permeability of air (μa) 1.26 × 10-6 H/m
Number of turns (N) 184
Projected area of solenoid coil (A) 19.62 mm2
Input current (I) 5A

Variables and constants of solenoid coil for optimization

Diameter of coil wire (d) 0.10-0.45 mm
Number of radial turns of coil (M) 2-10 turns
Number of axial of coil (N) 42-190 turns
Length of bobbin (L) 19 mm
Diameter of bobbin (D) 4 mm
Resistivity of copper (Ω·m) 1.72 × 10-8

TRIZ technical contradiction analysis

Feature to improve Worsening feature
force(10)
Volume of moving object(7) 15, 35, 36, 37
Table 1 Design parameters in 2 levels
Table 2 Test results of L8 orthogonal array for the 4 control factors
Table 3 Constants of optimized solenoid
Table 4 Variables and constants of solenoid coil for optimization
Table 5 TRIZ technical contradiction analysis