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자동차 도어 상단부 잠금장치의 성능 개선 및 해석 검증

Performance Improvement and Analysis Verification of a Car Door Lock in the Upper Weatherstrip Zone

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2018;35(3):327-333.
Published online: March 1, 2018

1 고려대학교 대학원 기계공학과

2 고려대학교 기계공학부

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#E-mail: kwonhkim@korea.ac.kr, TEL: +82-2-3290-3360
• Received: June 8, 2016   • Revised: August 9, 2017   • Accepted: October 12, 2017

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • In this work, a car door lock in the upper weatherstrip zone is proposed. At high speeds, the pressure difference between the exterior and interior of the cabin may disrupt the seal and induce increased wind noise. This trend is more pronounced in smaller cars. One approach to this problem is to employ one or more local locks at the upper portion of car door weatherstrip zone. Design issues arising from the limited space in the weatherstrip zone, non-interference requirement with weatherstrip seal and one-sided accessibility to the car body frame for installation are treated with TRIZ approach. A Finalized design is proposed.
최근 자동차 주행 중 실내 소음에 대한 운전자들의 요구수준이 높아지고 있다. 소음 중에서 윈드노이즈는 큰 비중을 차지한다.1
고속 주행 시 차체 내부와 외부의 압력 차에 의해서 도어가 차체 바깥방향으로 밀리게 된다. 이로 인해 차체와 도어간 틈새가 벌어져 웨더스트립의 밀착력이 감소하고 윈드노이즈가 발생하게 된다.2,3 윈드노이즈를 줄이기 위하여 웨더스트립 구조개선4 및 소재개발5 등 많은 노력이 있었으나, 소형차의 경우 도어의 강성이 낮고 설치공간이 협소하여 소음발생을 감소시키기가 쉽지 않다.
선행 연구에서는6 소음발생을 감소시키기 위해 도어 상단부를 차체에 고정하여 고속주행 시 웨더스트립의 밀착력을 유지하는 잠금장치를 개발하였다. 협소한 공간에서 잠금기능을 구현과 락킹 유지에 대한 문제는 TRIZ 기법을 이용하였다.
본 연구에서는 도어상단부에 대한 수치모델을 만들어 성능을 예측하고 시제품 시험으로 이를 검증하였다. 현업에서 사용되는 종강성 시험에7 따라 구조해석을 실시하고 시제품의 구조적 안전성을 확인하였다.
2.1 구조 및 작동원리
Fig. 1은 도어상단부 잠금장치의 구조와 작동원리를 보여준다. 기구는 Fig. 2의 B영역에 X축방향으로 길게 형성되어 있다. 도어 래치(Door Latch)는 도어 프레임에 장착이 되고, 나머지 모든 부품은 차체에 장착된다. Fig. 1(a)는 도어가 열린 상태를 나타낸다. 도어 상단부에 설치된 도어 래치를 볼 수 있다. Fig. 1(b)는 도어가 딛히고 도어래치가 차체 래치(Body Latch)와 동일선상에 정렬된 모습을 나타낸다. Fig. 1(c)는 잠금장치가 작동된 모습이다. 전류를 가하면 솔레노이드 코일이 제 1래치(1st Core Latch)에 위치한 솔레노이드 철심(Moving Core)을 제 2래치(2nd Core Latch) 방향으로 가속시켜 바디 래치(Body Latch)가 도어 래치와 맞물림과 동시에 철심은 제 2래치에 걸리게 된다. 이때 리턴스프링(Return Spring)이 압축된다. 또 한번의 전류가 솔레노이드에 가해지면 철심이 제 2래치에서 제 1래치 쪽으로 이동하며 리턴 스프링에 의하여 Fig. 1(b)의 상태로 복귀한다.
Fig. 1

Upper door lock – 2nd model

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f001.jpg
Fig. 2

Sectional view of upper door weatherstip zone

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f002.jpg
2.2 솔레노이드 구동력 측정
잠금장치의 성능에 핵심적인 영향을 미치는 부품은 솔레노이드이다. 이에 솔레노이드 작동에 영향을 미치는 구동력을 측정하였다. Fig. 3은 솔레노이드의 기본적인 구성요소를 보여준다. 솔레노이드는 보빈(Bobbin), 요크(Yoke), 가동철심(Moving Core) 등으로 구성된다. Table 1은 솔레노이드의 제원이다. Fig. 4에 도시한 바와 같이 가동철심이 제 1 코어 래치에서 벗어나려면 충분한 솔레노이드 기동력이 필요하다. 이후, 가동철심은 가속되어 제2코어래치에 진입하게 된다. Fig. 5는 솔레노이드 구동력 측정기구를 나타낸다. 솔레노이드 가동철심이 제1래치로부터 이탈하는 추진력을 Push-Pull Gauge로 측정하도록 Table 2에 구동력 측정 결과를 수록하였다. 평균치는 0.13 kgf이다.
Fig. 3

Components of solenoid

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f003.jpg
Table 1

Specifications of solenoid

Table 1
Bobbin length 34 mm
Bobbin diameter inside 3 mm
Bobbin diameter outside 4 mm
Coil wire diameter 0.26 mm
Number of turns 494
Length of moving core 45 mm
Permeability of moving core 1.26×10-4 H/m
Yoke thickness 0.7 mm
Fig. 4

Force on the solenoid core at escape

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f004.jpg
Fig. 5

Test setup for solenoid escape force

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f005.jpg
Table 2

Measured solenoid escape force

(kgf)
Table 2
RUN 1 2 3 4 5 AVG
A 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
B 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13
C 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.13
2.3 문제점 분석
도어상단부 잠금장치에서 다음과 같이 두가지 문제점이 확인되었다.
첫 번째, 코어래치의 구속력이 약하여 가동철심을 안정적으로 고정하지 못한다. 약간의 외부 충격으로 가동철심이 코어래치에서 이탈한다.
두 번째, 가동철심이 제 2 래치에 진입하지 못하고 솔레노이드 중간에 멈추는 경우, 이후의 작동이 불가능하다. 가동철심이 제 1래치에서 제 2래치에 진입하기 위해서는 최소 9 mm의 가속구간이 필요하다.
3.1 절차
코어래치의 구속력을 향상시키기 위해서는 솔레노이드의 구동력 또한 향상되어야 한다. 솔레노이드의 수치모델을 만들어 2차 설계에 대한 가동철심의 거동을 분석하고 실험결과와 비교하여 수치모델을 검증하였다. 이를 기반으로 개선된 설계를 도출하고 시제품을 제작하였다. 시제품에 대한 향상된 가동철심 구동력을 실험으로 확인하였다.
3.2 가동철심 거동 측정
Fig. 6은 가동철심이 제 1래치에서 벗어나 제 2래치로 진입할 때까지의 거동을 측정하기 위한 실험 방법을 나타낸다. 가동철심에 가속도센서를 부착하고 아두이노(Arduino)를 통해 0.025 sec 간격으로 데이터를 PC로 수집하였다. 가속도 센서는 MPU6050으로 입력전압 3.3 V, 분해능 1/16384 (LSB/G)이다. 총 10회 측정하여 가속도의 평균값을 구하고, 적분을 통해 속도데이터를 추출하였다.
Fig. 6

Test setup for solenoid core acceleration measurements.

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f006.jpg
3.3 솔레노이드 수치모델
수치모델은 솔레노이드 전압방정식과 가동철심의 운동방정식으로 구성된다. Cheung등8,9이 제안한 전압방정식은 다음과 같이 표현된다.
(1)
Vi=IR+dϕdt
식(1)은 Faraday와 Kirchhoff의 법칙에 따라 솔레노이드에 가해진 전압, 전류 및 자기장의 상호관계를 나타낸다. 여기서 ϕ는 자속(Magnetic Flux), I는 전류, R은 저항, N은 코일의 권선 수 이다.
자속은 전류(I) 및 가동철심의 위(x)의 함수로 다음과 같이 표현된다.
(2)
ϕ=μairANIx+l/μsteel
여기서 μairμsteel은 각각 공기와 가동철심의투자율이며, A는 코일의 축방향 투영면적, l은 가동철심의 길이이다. 식(1)식(2)로부터
(3)
Vi=IR+μairAN2x+l/μsteeldIdt-μairAN2Ix+l/μsteel2dxdt
식(3) 양변에 전류를 곱하면 동력방정식(Power Equation)(4)가 얻어진다. Table 3식(4)의 구성요소들을 요약하였다.
Table 3

Elements of power Eq. (4)

Table 3
Input
power
Heat
loss
Inductance
energy rate
Mechanical
power
VI I 2 R μairAN2x+lμsteelIdldt -μairAN2I2x+lμsteel2dxdt
(4)
ViI=I2R+μairAN2x+l/μsteelIdIdt-μairAN2I2x+l/μsteel2dxdt
기계적동력(Mechanical Power)은 가동철심의 구동력 F와 속도 v로 표현되며, Table 4에 따라 다음의 관계가 주어진다.
Table 4

Constants in Eq. (8)

Table 4
Length of moving core (l) 45 mm
Mass of moving core (m) 0.0119 kg
Permeability of moving core (μsteel) 1.26 × 10-4 H/m
Permeability of air (μair) 1.26 × 10-6 H/m
Number of turns (N) 494
Projected are of solenoid coil (A) 28.26 mm2
Input Voltage (V) 12 V
(5)
Fv=-μairAN2I2x+l/μsteel2dxdt
이로부터, 가동철심의 구동력이 다음 식(6)와 같이 얻어진다.
(6)
F=-μairAN2I2x+l/μsteel2
구동력 F로 구동되는 가동철심의 운동방정식은 다음 식(7)과 같다.
(7)
F=mdx2dt2+Cdxdt+Kx
여기서 C는 감쇄계수, K는 스프링 상수이다.
식(6)식(7)으로부터,
(8)
mdx2dt2+Cdxdt+Kx=-μairAN2I2x+l/μsteel2
수치해를 구하기 위하여 전압방정식(3)운동방정식식(8)을 아래와 같이 세 개의 일차 미분방정식으로 재구성한다.
(9)
dxdt=vdvdt=1m-μairAN2I2x+l/μsteel2-Cv-KxdIdt=x+l/μsteelμairAN2Vi-IR+μairAN2I2x+l/μsteel2v
상기 식(9)의 상수 값들을 Table 4에 수록하였다.코일 권선 수 N은 와이어 직경 0.26 mm에 대한 값이다.
3.4 수치모델 검증 및 구동력 향상 설계
Fig. 7(a)는 실험과 수치해로 얻어진 가동철심의 가속도를 보이고 있다, Fig. 7(b)는 가속도를 적분하여 얻어진 속도를 나타낸다. 실험과 수치해의 차이가 크지 않다고 생각된다.
Fig. 7

Dynamic behavior of moving core of a solenoid in Table 5 actuated by 12 V, pulse duration 0.5 sec

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f007.jpg
2.2절에서 언급한 바와 같이 성능개선을 위해서는 가동철심의 구동력을 향상시킬 필요가 있다. 설치공간의 제약으로 인하여 코일의 외형이 일정한 치수로 제한된다. 코일 와이어의 직경에 따라 코일의 권선수 N가 정해지며, 코일 와이어의 저항 R은 다음과 같이 주어진다.
(10)
R=ρLA=ρ6πD+3dL/dπd2/4
코일와이어 직경을 변화해가며 식(9)의 수치해를 MATLAB으로 구하였다. Fig. 8은 가동철심의 제2래치 진입속도를 코일 와이어 직경의 함수로 나타낸다. 코일 와이어 직경 0.32 mm에서 최대 속도를 갖는 것을 알 수 있다.
Fig. 8

Predicted velocity of moving core at entry into the 2nd core latch (Fig. 6) vs. coil wire diameter

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f008.jpg
3.5 향상된 구동력의 검증
Fig. 5에 보인 기구로 가동철심의 구동력을 측정한 결과, 0.26 mm, 0.32 mm 직경의 코일 와이어에 대하여 각각 0.13 kgf, 0.22 kgf로 69%의 구동력 향상이 확인되었다.
4.1 평가방법
도어상단부 잠금장치의 효과를 검증하기 위해 현업에서 사용하고 있는 종강성 평가를10 실시한다. 종강성 평가는, Fig. 9(a)에 보인 것처럼 도어 힌지부 세 군데를 고정하고 Fig. 9(b)와 같이 B Pillar에 인접한 코너부에 10 kgf의 하중을 가하며 차체로부터 벌어지는 변위를 측정하는 것이다. 선택된 차량에 대하여 잠금장치 설치 전과 후의 종강성을 비교하기 위하여 유한요소 구조해석을 실시하였다.
Fig. 9

Transverse stiffness evaluation setup for front car doors

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f009.jpg
4.2 유한요소 모델
Fig. 10(a)는 National Crash Analysis Center에서11 제공하는 소형차의 앞 도어와 그 주변의 차체 유한 요소 모델을 나타낸다. Fig. 10(b)는 잠금장치유한 요소 모델(4 Node Shell Elements)을 나타낸다.
Fig. 10

Finite element model for door transverse stiffness evaluation

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f010.jpg
4.3 유한요소 해석
유한요소 해석은 PAM CRASH 11.0으로 수행하였다. 바디래치, 가동철심 및 코어 서포트는 강체(Rigid Body)로 구성하였다. Fig. 11는 주요 부품 간의 접촉 상황을 나타낸다. Fig. 12(a)는 도어래치 설치위치와 변위 구속되는 도어의 힌지들을 보여준다. Fig. 12(b)는 도어래치를 제외한 잠금장치의 설치위치와 도어 힌지부의 구속위치를 보여준다. 차체는 전체를 변위 구속한다. 하중 조건은 Fig. 12(c) 처럼 도어의 코너에 Y측 방향으로 10 kgf을 가한다.
Fig. 11

Combinations of upper door lock components in contact

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f011.jpg
Fig. 12

Boundary and load conditions on the finite element model

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f012.jpg
4.4 해석결과
Fig. 13(a)Fig. 13(b)는 잠금장치 설치 전과 후의 도어의 횡방향(Y축) 변위 분포를 보여준다. 설치 후 전반적인 변형의 범위와 변위 값이 작아진 것을 확인할 수 있다. Fig. 14은 하중이 가해진 부위의 변위를 보여준다. 변위가 4.1 mm에서 2.1 mm로 줄어든 것이 확인되었다.
Fig. 13

Transverse displacement (Y-axis, mm) of a front door under 10 kgf in Fig. 14(c), Predicted from finite element analysis

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f013.jpg
Fig. 14

Displacement at the loading point in Fig. 16 for step loading of 10 kgf

KSPE_2018_v35n3_327_f014.jpg
본 논문은 차량이 고속주행시 내/외부 압력차이로 발생하는 윈드노이즈 감소를 위해, 도어부 상단에 도어와 차체 사이의 잠금장치를 개선하는 연구를 진행하였다. 유한요소 해석을 통해 개선된 잠금장치는 고속주행시 벌어지는 판넬의 변위를 4.1 mm에서 2.1 mm로 50% 감소시킬 수 있었다.
David A의12 연구에 의하면 시속 100 km 이상의 속도로 주행하면 차량의 내/외부 압력차로 웨더스트립 실(Seal)의 형태가 변화하여 압축력이 급속히 떨어진다. 본 연구에 의한 판넬의 변위 감소는 웨더스트립 실의 기존 형태를 최대한 유지하게 하고 압축력을 유지하여 윈드노이즈의 감소를 가져온다.
자동차에 발생되는 실내소음 중 큰 비중을 차지하는 윈드노이즈를 예방하기 위한 잠금장치를 개발하였다. 잠금장치의 성능을 최적화 하기 위해 솔레노이드 가동철심의 운동특성에 대한 수치모델을 수립하고 실험으로 검증하였다. 이를 기반으로 구동력을 69% 향상시킬 수 있었다. 잠금 장치의 성능을 평가하기 위한 종강성 시험을 유한요소해석으로 수행하였다. 도어 상단부의 횡방향 변위가 대폭 축소되어 고속주행 시 윈드노이즈의 감소가 기대된다.
이 논문은 2016년도 정부(미래창조과학부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 기초연구사업임(No. 2007-0056094).
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Performance Improvement and Analysis Verification of a Car Door Lock in the Upper Weatherstrip Zone
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2018;35(3):327-333.   Published online March 1, 2018
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Performance Improvement and Analysis Verification of a Car Door Lock in the Upper Weatherstrip Zone
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2018;35(3):327-333.   Published online March 1, 2018
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Performance Improvement and Analysis Verification of a Car Door Lock in the Upper Weatherstrip Zone
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Upper door lock – 2nd model
Fig. 2 Sectional view of upper door weatherstip zone
Fig. 3 Components of solenoid
Fig. 4 Force on the solenoid core at escape
Fig. 5 Test setup for solenoid escape force
Fig. 6 Test setup for solenoid core acceleration measurements.
Fig. 7 Dynamic behavior of moving core of a solenoid in Table 5 actuated by 12 V, pulse duration 0.5 sec
Fig. 8 Predicted velocity of moving core at entry into the 2nd core latch (Fig. 6) vs. coil wire diameter
Fig. 9 Transverse stiffness evaluation setup for front car doors
Fig. 10 Finite element model for door transverse stiffness evaluation
Fig. 11 Combinations of upper door lock components in contact
Fig. 12 Boundary and load conditions on the finite element model
Fig. 13 Transverse displacement (Y-axis, mm) of a front door under 10 kgf in Fig. 14(c), Predicted from finite element analysis
Fig. 14 Displacement at the loading point in Fig. 16 for step loading of 10 kgf
Performance Improvement and Analysis Verification of a Car Door Lock in the Upper Weatherstrip Zone
Bobbin length 34 mm
Bobbin diameter inside 3 mm
Bobbin diameter outside 4 mm
Coil wire diameter 0.26 mm
Number of turns 494
Length of moving core 45 mm
Permeability of moving core 1.26×10-4 H/m
Yoke thickness 0.7 mm
RUN 1 2 3 4 5 AVG
A 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
B 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13
C 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.13
Input
power
Heat
loss
Inductance
energy rate
Mechanical
power
VI I 2 R μ a i r A N 2 x + l μ s t e e l I d l d t - μ a i r A N 2 I 2 x + l μ s t e e l 2 d x d t
Length of moving core (l) 45 mm
Mass of moving core (m) 0.0119 kg
Permeability of moving core (μsteel) 1.26 × 10-4 H/m
Permeability of air (μair) 1.26 × 10-6 H/m
Number of turns (N) 494
Projected are of solenoid coil (A) 28.26 mm2
Input Voltage (V) 12 V
Table 1 Specifications of solenoid
Table 2 Measured solenoid escape force (kgf)
Table 3 Elements of power Eq. (4)
Table 4 Constants in Eq. (8)