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10 kW급 수평축형 풍력터빈의 발전 최적고도 고찰 및 경제성, 안정성 검토

한다한1, 강신유2,#orcid, 김정환3

Study on Optimal Altitude and Economic, Stability Review of 10 kW Class Horizontal Wind Turbine

Da Han Han1, Shin You Kang2,#orcid, Jeong Hwan Kim3
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2019;36(3):311-317.
Published online: March 1, 2019

1 강원대학교 대학원 융합시스템공학과

2 강원대학교 메카트로닉스공학과

3 라은테크 소형풍력터빈 연구개발부

1 Department of Advanced Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kangwon National University

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#E-mail: sykang@kanwon.ac.kr, TEL: +82-33-250-6373
• Received: February 27, 2018   • Revised: September 3, 2018   • Accepted: September 17, 2018

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • In this paper, we compare the cost of the structure due to change of weight of the structure according to change of annual power generation and height, calculated by changing wind speed of a 10kW horizontal small wind turbine, Optimum height of the wind turbine was considered. The cost of each model was calculated by changing height of the structure to 12 m, 24 m, 30 m, and 36 m. Wind speed was calculated by the Deacon formula, and annual power generation was calculated based on annual average wind speed at power generation height of each model. Then, economic efficiency was evaluated by comparing cost of the structure with total profit over the lifetime calculated by annual power generation, and a suitable model was selected based on evaluation. Computer analysis was conducted to evaluate structural stability of the selected model.
  • KEYWORDS: Small wind turbine, 10 kW class turbine, Horizontal, Power generation altitude, Economic evaluation, Structural analysis
  • KEYWORDS: 소형풍력터빈, 10 kW급 터빈, 수평축, 발전 고도, 경제성 평가, 구조해석

Cf

Load factor

Aproj

Projected area of blade

Vref

Reference wind speed

FBlade

Thrust force by blade

FTower

Wind load acting on tower

γm

Safety factor of material

γf

Safety factor of load

fk

Characteristic strength of material

U 1

Wind speed at reference height

U 2

Wind speed at the changed height

Z 1

Reference height

Z 2

Changed height

ρ

Density of air

σd

Maximum critical stress
근래 지구의 환경오염으로 인한 지구 온난화의 극복을 위하여 파리협정을 체결한 이래로 전 세계적으로 탄소배출의 저감을 추진하고있으며 이에 화석연료을 기반으로하는 화력발전소는 점점 축소되는 추세로 국제 에너지기구인 IEA는 2050년까지 재생에너지의 비중이 44%로 늘어날 것으로 전망하였다.1
이에 신재생에너지중 하나인 풍력발전이 주목을 받고 있으나 국내의 기술 사정은 좋지못한 편이며 특히 대기업을 중심으로 하는 대형터빈이 아닌 중소기업 위주의 소형 풍력터빈의 경우 사정이 더욱 좋지 못한 상태이다.
국내의 풍황 자원은 대관령 및 제주도를 포함한 몇몇 도서지역을 제외하면 발전을 하기에 다소 어려운 환경이며 풍황자원이 좋은 지역은 대형터빈이 우선적으로 들어가므로 소형터빈의 입지는 더욱 제한되어있다.
그러므로 현 소형풍력 터빈의 효율화를 위하여 터빈의 주요 구성요소인 타워 구조물의 재조정이 필요하다 판단된다.
따라서 본 논문에서는 현재 시장에 나와있는 A사의 10 kW급 수평축 소형풍력터빈의 타워구조물을 대상으로 할 것이며 우선 기존구조물의 안전성을 평가하고 이후 타워 구조물의 설계 규정을 기반으로 구조물의 높이를 변경하여 재설계 하며 변경된 높이로 인해 변화한 평균 풍속을 고도에 따른 풍속의 변화식인 Deacon식을 고려하여 연간 발전량을 계산할 것이다. 또한 변경된 구조물의 재료비, 제작비등의 Cost를 계산할 것이며 최종적으로 발전량 대비 Cost를 비교하여 10 kW급 소형 풍력터빈의 경제성이 극대화되는 형상을 선정하며 선정된 구조물의 안정성을 유한요소해석으로 검증하는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다.
2.1 기본 모델 정보
본 연구의 기본모델은 A사의 10 kW급 수평축형 풍력터빈으로 전체 형상은 Fig. 1과 같으며 제원은 Table 1에 기재하였다. 타워의 재질은 구조용강 SS400이며 물성치는 Table 2와 같으며 기입한 SS400의 물성치는 회사측으로부터 제공받은 검사 증명서(Mill Test Ceatificate) 를 기준으로 작성하였다.
Fig. 1

Model of 10 kW wind turbine tower

KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_f001.jpg
Table 1

Tower specification

Table 1
Height 18 m
Tower shell thickness 8 mm
Total weight 3.23 ton
Rated RPM 162
Number of blade 3
Table 2

Material properties of SS400

Table 2
Density 7,900 kg/m³
Tensile yield strength 377 MPa
Modulus of elasticity 210 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.29
2.2 하중조건의 정의
소형 풍력터빈의 기준인 IEC 61400-22 7.4.10의 하중조건 I : 대기상태 풍하중을 적용하였고, 이것이 의미하는 바는 풍력발전기가 최악의 상태로 노출되어 하중을 받는 극한상태를 의미한다. 하중조건 I의 식은
(1)
F=Cf12ρAprojVref2
식(1)이며, 여기에서 Cf는 하중계수이며 이는 IEC 61400-2의 p. 47의 Table 3을 참조하여 1.5를 적용하였고, ρ는 공기밀도로 1.225 kg/m³이다. Aproj는 풍향투영면적으로 블레이드 셋의 투영면적의 합은 3.21 m2, 타워의 투영면적은 11.79 m2이고, Vref는 풍속으로 태풍시의 풍속 60 m/s를 적용하였다. 식(1)을 계산하면 블레이드에 의한 하중은 FBlade=10600 N이고 타워에 작용하는 하중은 FTower = 39000 N이다. 타워 구조물에 작용하는 하중을 Fig. 2에 도시하였다.
Table 3

Partial safety factor for the material

Table 3
Material characteristic Extreme strength (γm)
Complete characteristic 1.1
Minimum characteristic 3.0
Fig. 2

Wind turbine tower analysis model

KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_f002.jpg
2.3 안전계수의 정의
IEC 61400-22의 7.8절에서는 안전계수에 대하여 기준을 제시하고 있으며, 7.8.1에서는 재료에 대한 부분 안전계수를 7.8.2에서는 하중에 대한 부분 안전계수의 값을 규정하고 있다.
Table 3에서 재료의 부분 안전계수 γm는 재료의 물성치를 시편 실험에 의한 값인 Mill Sheet에 기반하고 있으므로 1.1로 정하였고, Table 4의 하중의 부분 안전계수 γf는 앞서 정의한 하중이 식에 의한 계산 값 이므로 3.0으로 결정하였다.
Table 4

Partial safety factor for load

Table 4
Case of load Extreme Load (γf)
Simplified expression 3.0
Simulation model 1.35
Real-scale load measurement 3.0
2.4 한계응력의 정의
IEC 61400-22의 7.9.1에서는 극한조건하에서의 응력제한값을 구하는 식을 제시하였으며 그 식은 식(2)이다.
(2)
σd≤fkγmγf
fk는 재료의 특성강도로 일반적으로 Tensile Strength를 특성 강도로 사용할 수 있으며 이에 fk는 SS400의 Tensile Strength 값인 377 MPa이며, 두 부분 안전계수 γm와 γf는 앞서 언급한대로 각각 1.1과 3.0을 적용하였다. 위 식을 계산하면 114.2 MPa이 계산되며 이는 구조물의 최대 응력값이 114.2 MPa을 초과하면 안됨을 의미한다.
3.1 타워 구조물의 높이변경
타워 구조물의 높이를 기본모델인 18 m의 나셀이 결합되는 최상단부의 내부 직경과 테이퍼형 구조의 내부 구배각도를 기준으로 각 12 m, 24 m, 30 m, 36 m의 6 m간격으로 변경하였다. 변경된 구조물들의 각 부의 두께를 조정하여 모델간 정하중 해석의 최대 Stress 값을 5% 이내로 맞추었으며 변경된 각 구조물의 제원을 Table 5에 기입하였으며 해석결과를 Fig. 3에 도시하였다.
Table 5

Specification of each model

Table 5
Height (m) 12 18 24 30 36
Number of part 2 3 4 5 6
Weight (ton) 1.72 3.23 5.09 7.31 10.28
Max.Stress (MPa) 105 102 97 102 102
Fig. 3

Result of static analysis (a) 12 m, (b) 24 m, (c) 30 m, (d) 36 m model

KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_f003.jpg
4.1 구조물 변경으로 인한 풍력터빈 비용 증감 추산
구조물의 변경으로 인하여 타워구조물의 가격변동이 있을 것이며 경제성 검토를 하기 위하여 변경된 가격을 추산하였다. A사의 10 kW급 풍력터빈의 단가는 약 5,000만원이며 각 구성 요소의 가격 및 세부 가공비등은 회사 대외비인 관계로 기타연구자료 등으로 가격을 추정하였다. 미합중국 에너지부(U.S. Department of Energy)의 정부 산하 연구기관인 National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)의 연구결과인 2015 Cost of Wind Energy Review3에 의하면 육상 설치형 풍력 터빈의 전체 설치비용중 타워 구조물의 비중은 16.5%이다(Fig. 4). 위에서 계산한 10 kW급 풍력터빈의 Total Cost 5,000만원의 16.5%는 825만원이며 이것이 타워 구조물의 가격이라 할 수 있다. 한국물가협회4에 의하면 타워 구조물의 재질인 구조용강 SS400의 국내 시세는 kgf당 약 1,300원이며 이를 기준으로 하면 기본모델인 18 m 모델의 중량인3,230 kgf의 재료비는 약 420만원이다. 여기서 타워 구조물의 값 825만원에서 재료비의 값 420만원을 빼면 405만원이며 이를 타워 중량인 3,230 kgf으로 나누면 중량당 가공비 1,253원을 구할 수 있다. 이를 기준으로 각 터빈 모델의 가격을 계산하였으며 계산값을 Table 6에 기입하였다.
Fig. 4

Capital expenditures for the land-based reference wind plant project

KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_f004.jpg
Table 6

Prices of each wind turbine model

unit : thousand won
Table 6
Model Material
cost 		Processing
cost 		Tower
structure cost 		Total
turbine cost
12 m Model 2,236 2,155 4,391 46,100
18 m Model 4,200 4,050 8,250 50,000
24 m Model 6,617 6,377 12,994 54,700
30 m Model 9,503 9,159 18,662 60,400
36 m Model 13,364 12,880 26,224 68,000
계산결과 12 m 모델의 총 가격은 약 4,610만원으로 18 m 모델 대비 8% 감소하였으며, 24 m 모델은 약 5,470만원으로 9% 증가하였고, 30 m 모델은 약 6,040만원으로 20%증가하였다. 마지막으로 36 m 모델은 약 6,800만원으로 36% 증가하였다.
4.2 높이변경에 의한 발전량 변경
바람의 속도는 고도에 따라 변화하며 이를 식으로 표현한 것이 Deacon 식이다.
(4)
U2=U1×Z2Z1p
Deacon식은 식(4)과 같으며 여기에서 U2는 임의 고도에서의 풍속, U1은 기준높이 에서의 풍속이며, Z1은 기준높이 Z2는 임의의 높이이다. p는 대기의 상태로 안정상태에서는 0.33 불안정한 상태에서는 0.11이며 본 계산에서는 안정상태의 값인 0.33을 사용하였다.
풍력발전은 보통 설치하는 위치의 연평균풍속이 5 m/s를 넘어야 경제성이 있다고 판단되며 국내의 규제는 연평균 풍속이 4.5 m/s 이상인 지역부터 풍력터빈을 설치 가능하도록 규정되어 있다.5 따라서 기본모델인 18 m 모델의 설치 지역의 연평균풍속을 5 m/s로 가정하였으며 각 모델의 변경된 높이에 따른 풍속변화를 계산하여 Table 7에 기입하였으며 Table 8은 제주도 김녕에 위치한 한국에너지기술연구원 실증평가단지에서 실시한 A사의 10 kW 터빈의 출력실험결과이다.
Table 7

Results of deacon equation

Table 7
Model Average annual wind speed (m/s)
12 m Model 4.36
18 m Model 5.00
24 m Model 5.50
30 m Model 5.92
36 m Model 6.30
Table 8

Annual generation of 10 kw wind turbine

Table 8
Annual average wind speed (m/s) Expected utilization rate (%)
4 7.14
5 14.66
6 23.24
7 30.84
8 36.35
9 39.55
10 40.78
한국 전력거래소(KPX)의 2016년도 12월 REC 거래동향 리포트에6 따르면 2016년 평균 계통한계가격(SMP)은 kWh당 약 77원이며 신재생 에너지로 생산한 전력에 추가 금액을 지불하는 제도인 REC (Renewable Energy Certificate)의 2016년 평균 가격은 REC당 약 140,000원 이다. 위의 SMP와 REC를 기준으로 터빈의 예상한계수명인 20년을 기준으로 하여 각 터빈 모델의 사업성을 평가7하였으며 그 결과를 Table 9에 기입하였다.
Table 9

Economy review of each model

Unit : Thousand won
Table 9
12 m Model 18 m Model 24 m Model 30 m Model 36 m Model
Turbine cost 46,100 50,000 54,700 60,400 68,000
Annual net profit 1,882 2,781 3,593 4,372 4,866
Lifetime total revenue 37,638 55,632 71,854 87,442 97,327
Payback (Year) 18 15.2 13.8 14
Net present value -8,461 5,632 17,145 27,042 29,327
Return on investment (%) 5.57 6.57 7.24 7.16
사업성 평과 결과 30 m의 높이에서 연간 투자수익률(ROI)이 최대가 되며 회수기간이 최소가 된다. 따라서 30 m 모델이 사업성이 가장 최대가 되는 모델로 판단된다. Fig. 5는 각 모델의 수명기간 중 총 수익과 터빈의 전체 설치비용을 비교한 그래프이다.
Fig. 5

Graphs of gain by investment

KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_f005.jpg
5.1 변경모델의 최적화
30 m 모델의 최대 응력값은 102 MPa로 최대설계제한 응력인 114 MPa에 약간의 여유가 있으며 응력분포상 상단부는 설계상 여유가 있는 것으로 판단되므로 타워 구조물의 쉘두께를 변경하여 타워의 중량감소 및 설치비용 저감을 진행하였다. 전산해석 프로그램 Abaqus의 Add On 프로그램인 Isight8는 전산해석 프로그램에서 나온결과를 바탕으로 조정하고자 하는 변수를 변경해가며 목적으로한 결과값의 최적값을 시뮬레이션 하는 프로그램이다. 각 쉘의 두께를 변수로하여 구조물의 총 중량을 최소화 하도록 시뮬레이션 하였으며 해석결과중 안전계수를 적용한 최대제한응력인 114 MPa을 초과하지 않으면서 중량이 가장작은 6.54 ton의 결과값을 보이는 시뮬레이션의 쉘 두께는 타워의 최상단부터 각 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm이다. 본 결과에서 타워 구조물의 가격이 최소가, 경제성이 최대가 될 것으로 판단되므로 해당 결과를 바탕으로 타워 구조물의 설계를 진행하였다.
5.2 정하중 해석
변경된 타워의 구조 안정성을 평가하기 위하여 정하중 해석을 실시하였다. 3D 모델링은 Solid Works,9 해석 프로그램은 Abaqus 6.1310를 사용하였다. 해석을 위해 모델링된 타워 상단에 가상의 Nacell을 얹어 Blade, Hub등 상부구조물의 총 중량 544 kgf을 적용하였으며 앞서 식(1)에서 계산한 Thrust Force값 10.6 kN을 Nacell부에 적용하였고 타워에 작용하는 풍하중을 타워에 분포하중으로 적용하였으며 구조물의 자중을 적용하기 위하여 중력 1 G을 적용하였다. 경계조건으로 타워의 최하단부를 완전히 고정하였으며 Nacell부는 하중에 의한 변형을 방지하기 위하여 강체로 설정하였다.
Mesh 요소는 C3D8R이며, Mesh수는 142,392개이고, Node의 수는 285,025개 이다. 해석결과 96.9 MPa의 최대 응력이 Fig. 6에 표시한 부분에 발생하였다. 발생한 최대응력 96.9 MPa은 앞서 계산한 최대제한응력 114.2 MPa을 초과하지 않으므로 본 구조물은 안전하다고 판단된다.
Fig. 6

Static analysis result of 30 m tower model

KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_f006.jpg
5.3 주파수 해석
변경된 모델의 공진여부를 판단하기 위하여 Mode 해석을 실시하였다. 앞서 계산한 바와 같이 터빈의 정격회전수는 162 RPM이며 블레이드의 수는 3이므로
(5)
162RPM60s×3=8.1Hz
8.1 Hz에서 3P 주파수가 발생한다.
해석결과 1차 Mode는 1.33 Hz, 2차 Mode는 4.96 Hz이며, 3P 주파수 8.1 Hz와 이격되어 있으므로 Mode 해석결과는 안전하다고 판단된다.
Fig. 7

Mode analysis results of 30 m tower model

KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_f007.jpg
본 연구에서는 10 kW급 수평축 풍력터빈의 발전높이를 설계변경하면서 Deacon식에 의하여 각각의 높이변화에 따른 풍속을 계산하였다. 계산된 풍속에 따른 발전량과 변경된 형상에 따른 타워 구조물의 중량 증감을 비교하여 각 모델의 경제성을 비교하였다.
(1) 기본 모델인 18 m 모델의 타워 구조물을 기준으로 각 12 m, 24 m, 30 m, 36 m로 변경하였으며 변경한 모델을 전산해석을 수행하여 유사한 조건하에서의 중량을 측정하였으며 타워 재료의 시세와 NREL의 연구결과를 바탕으로 구조물의 변경된 설치비용을 계산하였다.
(2) 구조물의 고도변경으로 인한 발전높이에서의 풍속 변화를 Deacon식을 통하여 계산하여 10 kW급 터빈의 출력실험결과와 비교하여 연간발전량을 예측하였으며 전력거래소의 2016년 기준계통한계가격(SMP)와 REC (Renewable Energy Certificate)를 기준으로 연간발전수익을 계산하였고 풍력터빈의 한계수명인 20년을 기준으로 수명기간 총수익 및 회수기간과 투자수익률을 계산하였다.
(3) 위 (1)과 (2)의 결과를 바탕으로 회수기간이 최소화, 투자수익률이 최대가 되는 30 m 모델이 경제성이 가장 좋은 것으로 확인되었다. Case중 높이가 가장 높은 36 m 모델의 경우 증가한 중량대비 발전량의 증가가 적어 30 m 모델보다 경제성이 악화된 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 10 kW급 수평형 풍력터빈의 최적 발전고도는 30 m로 판단된다.
본 연구를 통하여 10 kW급 수평축형 풍력터빈의 중량 대비 연간발전량을 비교하여 경제성이 극대화되는 최적 발전고도를 고찰하였으며 변경 구조물의 안정성을 확인하였다.
이 논문은 2015년도 정부(산업통상자원부)의 재원으로 한국에너지기술평가원의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(20153010024470, “소형 풍력발전시스템 최적화 엔지니어링 기술개발”)
  • 1.
    Ministry of Trade and Korea Energy Agency, “2016 New & Renewable Energy White Paper,” pp. 1-404, 2016.
  • 2.
    Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, “Wind Turbines - Part 2: Small Wind Turbines,” KS CIEC61400-2, 2014.
  • 3.
    Moné, C., Hand, M., Bolinger, M., Rand, J., Heimiller, D., et al., “2015 Cost of Wind Energy Review,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, pp. 9-10, 2017.
    10.2172/1351062
  • 4.
    Korea Price Pesearch Center., http://www.kprc.or.kr/main.do?menuID=100000,” (Accessed 29 JAN 2019)
  • 5.
    Korea Energy Agency, “Some Amendments to the Guidelines for the Support of New and Renewable Energy Facilities (Center Bulletin 2017-18),” 2017.
  • 6.
    Korea Power Exchange, 2016, “December 2016 REC Trading Trend Report,” p. 4-5.
  • 7.
    KMOS, “Business Self Diagnosis,” KMOS, http://onerec.kmos.kr/portal/contents.do?key=1871(Accessed 18 FEB 2019)
  • 8.
    Simulia, “Isight 4.0 Getting Started Guide,” Dassault Systemes, pp. 1-179, 2009.
  • 9.
    Dassault Systems., “Introducing Solidworks,” SolidWorks, pp. 1-128, https://my.solidworks.com/solidworks/guide/SOLIDWORKS_ Introduction_EN.pdf (Accessed 29 JAN 2019)
  • 10.
    Dassault Systems., “Abaqus Analysis User’s Guide,” Solid Elements, Vol. 6, 2014.
Da Han Han
KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_bf001.jpg
Master Candidate Department of Advanced Mechanical Engineering, Kangwon National University.
Crash Analysis and Structure Analysis
Shin You Kang
KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_bf002.jpg
Professor/Ph. D. Department of Advanced Mechanical Engineering, Kangwon National University.
Crash Analysis and Structure Analysis
Jeong Hwan Kim
KSPE_2019_v36n3_311_bf003.jpg
Senior Research Engineer Department of Small Wind Turbine R&D, LAEUNTECH Inc.
Small Wind Turbine

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Study on Optimal Altitude and Economic, Stability Review of 10 kW Class Horizontal Wind Turbine
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2019;36(3):311-317.   Published online March 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.3.311
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Study on Optimal Altitude and Economic, Stability Review of 10 kW Class Horizontal Wind Turbine
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2019;36(3):311-317.   Published online March 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.3.311
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Study on Optimal Altitude and Economic, Stability Review of 10 kW Class Horizontal Wind Turbine
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Model of 10 kW wind turbine tower
Fig. 2 Wind turbine tower analysis model
Fig. 3 Result of static analysis (a) 12 m, (b) 24 m, (c) 30 m, (d) 36 m model
Fig. 4 Capital expenditures for the land-based reference wind plant project
Fig. 5 Graphs of gain by investment
Fig. 6 Static analysis result of 30 m tower model
Fig. 7 Mode analysis results of 30 m tower model

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Study on Optimal Altitude and Economic, Stability Review of 10 kW Class Horizontal Wind Turbine
Height 18 m
Tower shell thickness 8 mm
Total weight 3.23 ton
Rated RPM 162
Number of blade 3
Density 7,900 kg/m³
Tensile yield strength 377 MPa
Modulus of elasticity 210 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.29
Material characteristic Extreme strength (γm)
Complete characteristic 1.1
Minimum characteristic 3.0
Case of load Extreme Load (γf)
Simplified expression 3.0
Simulation model 1.35
Real-scale load measurement 3.0
Height (m) 12 18 24 30 36
Number of part 2 3 4 5 6
Weight (ton) 1.72 3.23 5.09 7.31 10.28
Max.Stress (MPa) 105 102 97 102 102
Model Material
cost 		Processing
cost 		Tower
structure cost 		Total
turbine cost
12 m Model 2,236 2,155 4,391 46,100
18 m Model 4,200 4,050 8,250 50,000
24 m Model 6,617 6,377 12,994 54,700
30 m Model 9,503 9,159 18,662 60,400
36 m Model 13,364 12,880 26,224 68,000
Model Average annual wind speed (m/s)
12 m Model 4.36
18 m Model 5.00
24 m Model 5.50
30 m Model 5.92
36 m Model 6.30
Annual average wind speed (m/s) Expected utilization rate (%)
4 7.14
5 14.66
6 23.24
7 30.84
8 36.35
9 39.55
10 40.78
12 m Model 18 m Model 24 m Model 30 m Model 36 m Model
Turbine cost 46,100 50,000 54,700 60,400 68,000
Annual net profit 1,882 2,781 3,593 4,372 4,866
Lifetime total revenue 37,638 55,632 71,854 87,442 97,327
Payback (Year) 18 15.2 13.8 14
Net present value -8,461 5,632 17,145 27,042 29,327
Return on investment (%) 5.57 6.57 7.24 7.16
Table 1 Tower specification
Table 2 Material properties of SS400
Table 3 Partial safety factor for the material
Table 4 Partial safety factor for load
Table 5 Specification of each model
Table 6 Prices of each wind turbine model unit : thousand won
Table 7 Results of deacon equation
Table 8 Annual generation of 10 kw wind turbine
Table 9 Economy review of each model Unit : Thousand won

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

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