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핀틀이 적용된 DACS 시스템의 밸브 경량화 모델에 관한 연구

고준복1,#orcid, 박용수1, 김성수1, 이소담1, 백기봉1, 하동성2, 곽재수3, 서석훈1

A Study on the Weight Reduction Model of DACS System Valve with Pintle

Jun bok Ko1,#orcid, Young Soo Park1, Seong Su Kim1, So Dam Yi1, Ki Bong Baek1, Dong Sung Ha2, Jae Su Kawk3, Suhk hoon Suh1
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2019;36(8):729-736.
Published online: August 1, 2019

1 ㈜한화 종합연구소

2 국방과학연구소

3 한국항공대학교 항공우주 및 기계공학부

1 Defense R&D Center, Hanwha Co., Ltd. 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#E-mail: firstko77@hanwha.com, TEL: +82-42-336-0348
• Received: February 20, 2019   • Revised: April 11, 2019   • Accepted: May 3, 2019

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • A guided missile is a weapon system used in the interception of a ballistic missile using kinetic energy of a kill vehicle. The DACS (Divert and Attitude Control System) is a quick reaction propulsion system and subsystem of a kill vehicle that provides control over positions of a kill vehicle. The DACS allows for the interception of its target with greater accuracy and reliability. A Kill vehicle needs to move at high speed in a bid to intercept a ballistic missile after detecting a target. Thus, the weight reduction design of DACs system is required. The DACS operates under high temperature and pressure environment. In this study, one-way FSI (Fluid and Structure Interaction) analysis were conducted for various types of weight reduction valve model to validate its robustness. Through this process, we suggest an optimized weight reduction valve model
  • KEYWORDS: Divert and attitude control system, Weight reduction, Fluid and structure interaction analysis, Pintle, Guided missile, Ballistic missile
  • KEYWORDS: 위치자세제어장치, 경량화, 일방향 유체구조 연성해석, 핀틀, 유도미사일, 탄도탄

σ

Stress

E

Young’s modulus [MPa]

ε

Strain

εth

Thermal strain

α

Expansion coefficient [1/K]

T

Temperature [K]

H

Heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K]

A

Area [mm2]

c

Specific heat [J/kg/oC]

k

Thermal conductivity [W/mK]

Q˙wall

Heat flux Q
유도 미사일(이하 유도탄)은 일반적으로 중요도와 사거리, 대상표적 및 발사대에 따라 구분된다. 이외 특수한 목적을 위한 유도탄 종류에는 Anti Tank, 대 잠수함, 대 탄도탄, 위성 요격용 등이 있다. 그중 대 탄도탄 또는 고공방어 유도탄이라고 불리는 요격 미사일은 탄도탄을 직접 요격하는 기존 유도탄 개발기술이 집약된 첨단 유도탄이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 유도탄의 기본 운용 개념은 아래 Fig. 1에서 보는 바와 같다. 탄도탄을 탐지하면 요격 미사일을 고고도까지 상승시킨 후 직격 요격체(Kill Vehicle, 이하 KV)를 분리시키고 이후 KV는 자체 유도조종 장치에 의해 조종되어 목표물을 직격 요격시키는 개념이다.
Fig. 1

Types of missile defense interceptors1 (Adapted from Ref. 1 on the basis of open access)

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f001.jpg
KV는 공기가 희박한 대기권 또는 외기권에서 작동하여 공력을 이용한 궤도 수정이 어렵고 요격을 위한 종말 단계에서 큰 운동에너지를 필요로 하기 때문에 궤도수정 및 자세제어가 가능한 별도의 추력 발생 장치가 요구된다. 이러한 요구에 맞추어 개발된 것이 KV의 핵심 서브시스템인 DACS (Divert and Attitude Control System)이다.1
Fig. 2는 일반적인 DACS의 구조를 나타낸 것으로 무게 중심 평면상에 4개의 궤도천이용 추력기(Divert Control System, DCS)가 장착되어 있고, 후단에는 6개의 자세제어용 추력기(Attitude Control System, ACS)가 장착되어 있다. KV가 목표물을 탐지하고 직격 요격하기 위해서는 고속 기동이 필요하다. 이를 위해 DACS 시스템 설계부터 g 단위 수준의 경량화 설계가 요구 되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 DACS 밸브의 경량화를 위한 모델을 검토하였다. DACS는 일반적으로 2,000, 2,500 psi 이상의 연소가스에 의한 고온고압의 환경에서 작동한다.
Fig. 2

Typical configuration of DACS thruster2 (Adapted from Ref. 2 on the basis of open access)

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f002.jpg
따라서 DACS 밸브의 경량화 설계모델 검토 시에도 이러한 작동조건을 고려하기 위해 본 논문에서는 열 유동 해석 및 열구조 해석을 이용한 일방향 유체구조 연성해석을 수행하여 밸브 경량화 모델의 타당성을 검토하였다.
2.1 밸브 구조
Fig. 3은 DACS 밸브의 형상을 나타낸다.3 추력의 크기를 높이기 위해 Nozzle부는 수축-확장형(Convergent-Divergent) 형상으로 되어있고, DACS 시스템이 작동하는 동안 발생하는 고온고압가스의 환경을 견딜 수 있도록 내열소재 및 단열소재 등으로 이루어져 있다. 본 논문에서는 노즐 확대부의 내열소재 구성 및 형상 등을 고려하여 밸브의 경량화 모델을 검토하였다.
Fig. 3

Configuration of DACS valve3 (Adapted from Ref. 3 on the basis of open access)

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f003.jpg
2.2 경량화 모델
Fig. 4는 본 논문에서 검토한 노즐 확대부 경량화 모델 주요 형상을 나타낸다. 밸브 모델에서 가장 많은 부피를 차지하고 있는 부품이 ②번 내열재 부분으로 본 논문에서는 ②번 내열재 부분의 형상 및 소재 구성변경을 통해 경량화 방안을 검토하였다. Normal Type은 ②번 내열재에 아무런 살빼기 가공을 하지 않은 모델이며, H-Type은 노즐 축방향으로 2개의 살빼기 구간을 적용한 모델, V-Type은 노즐 축방향에 수직한 방향으로 7개의 살빼기 구간을 적용한 모델을 나타낸다. Table 1은 각각의 모델에 내열재 소재로 C/SiC (Cabon/Silcon Carbide), C/C (Carbon-Carbon), S/Phenolic (Silica Phenolic)를 적용 했을 때의 질량비를 나타낸다.4,5 C/SiC 소재의 밀도는 2,300 kg/m3, C/C 소재의 밀도는 1,800 kg/m3, S/Phenolic 소재의 밀도는 1,720 kg/m3 수준으로 소재 변경시 경량화가 가능할 것으로 예상되나 각각의 열물성치 특성이 상이하여 DACS 구동 환경 조건을 고려한 종합적인 분석이 필요하다.
Fig. 4

Configuration of weight reduction model

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f004.jpg
Table 1

Material composition and weight ratio

Table 1
Material Shape of ② part
Normal type H-Type V-Type
② C/SiC 1.00 0.93 0.90
C/C 0.86 0.80 0.77
S/Phenolic 0.78 0.73 0.70
① : Steel, ③ : S/Phenolic, ④:AISI 4130

*Reference model : ② material = C/SiC, Normal Type

2.3 유체구조 일방향 연성해석

2.3.1 해석 개요

Fig. 4에서 제시된 노즐 확대부 경량화 모델의 적용 가능성을 검토하기 위해 본 연구에서는 일방형 유체구조 연성해석(1-Way FSI, Fluid Structure Interaction)을 수행하여 작동 시간 내(10 Seconds) ①번 노즐 라이너의 변형량, ④번 밸브 하우징 오링 장착부 온도 변화량을 비교/분석 하였다. ①번 노즐 라이너의 변형량이 작동 시간내 크게 발생할 경우 노즐목 면적이 변화게 되어 원하는 추력 제어가 어려워지게 된다. 또한 ④번 밸브 하우징부의 오링 장착부 온도가 오링 가용 온도 이상으로 상승할 경우 밸브의 기밀성능 불가로 밸브 파손등의 문제가 발생 될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 ②번 내열재 소재로 일반적으로 사용되는 C/SiC가 적용되고 Normal Type인 형상을 기준모델로 검토 하였다.

2.3.2 열유동 해석

유동해석에 사용된 격자는 ANSYS ICEM 14.5를 이용하여 비정렬 격자(Tetra Grid)로 구성하였다. 유동 해석은 정상상태로 가정하여 진행하였으며 벽면에서부터 거리의 무차원 수인 y+는 30을, 벽면온도로는 2,000 K를 사용하였다. 난류모델로는 K-Omega 모델을 사용하였으며 기타 경계 조건은 Table 2에 나타내었다.
Table 2

Boundary condition of fluid analysis

Table 2
1 Inlet conditions : Total pressure
Total pressure : 2,500 psi
Total temperature : 2,750 K
2 Outlet conditions : Pressure outlet
Back flow pressure : 1atm
Back flow temperature : 300 K
3 Wall condition : Constant temperature
4 Symmetry condition
밸브 하단의 가스발생기에서 생성된 고온, 고압의 연소가스는 상단으로 유입되어 완전 개방된 상태의 밸브의 노즐부를 통해 초음속으로 외부로 분사 된다. Fig. 5는 유동해석을 통해 계산된 밸브의 압력분포, 대류 열전달 계수 분포를 나타낸다. 전체적으로 노즐의 목을 지나기 전에는 유로의 입구쪽 실린더부터 노즐 내부의 챔버 부분까지 거의 전압력에 가깝게 나타나고 있으며, 노즐목을 지나면서 압력이 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 또한 운전환경이 고온고압이기 때문에 전체적으로 높은 열전달 계수 분포가 나타나는 것을 알 수 있으며, 유동이 가속되는 노즐 목 근처에서는 비교적 높은 열전달 계수 분포가 나타나는 것을 알 수 있다.
Fig. 5

Distribution of pressure and heat transfer coef.

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f005.jpg

2.3.3 열구조 해석

외부의 물리적 하중과 온도의 변화에 의한 응력 발생은 다음 식(1)과 같이 계산된다.6,7
(1)
σ=Eε-αΔT
여기서 σ는 응력, E는 탄성계수, ε는 변형률, α는 열팽창 계수, 그리고 ΔT는 온도 변화를 나타낸다. 열에 의한 변형률 εth는 다음 식(2)와 같이 나타낼 수 있다.6,7
(2)
εth=αTT-Tref-αT0T0-Tref
밸브 노즐 확대부의 열전달은 Hot Gas의 대류 열전달 및 제품 내부에서의 전도 열전달로 이루어지게 된다. 대류 열전달 지배 방정식은 다음 식(3)과 같이 나타낼 수 있다.6,7
(3)
Q˙wall=hATwall-T∞
여기서 h(W/m2K)는 대류 열전달 계수, Twall와 T∞는 구조물의 벽면온도, 연소가스의 온도를 나타내며 각 항목들은 유동해석을 통해 계산된 결과 값을 적용 하였다.
Q˙wall은 노즐 벽면을 통과하는 열유속을 나타낸다. 전도 열전달 지배방정식은 다음 식(4)와 같이 나타낼 수 있다.6,7
(4)
ρc∂T∂t=k∑i=13∂T∂xi∂T∂xi
여기서 ρ, c, k는 재료 물성치로서 밀도, 비열, 전도도를 나타내며 본 논문에서는 온도의 함수로 적용 하였다.8 밸브 노즐 확대부의 열구조 해석은 1차 유동해석을 통해 계산된 결과값을 열구조 해석에 Mapping 방식으로 적용하는 1-Way FSI 방식으로 수행하였다. Fig. 6은 전체적인 해석 Flow를 나타낸다. 유동해석을 통해 연소시간동안 Steady-State 상태에서의 유동장 내부의 대류 열전달 계수값(h) 및 Hot Gas 온도분포, 압력 분포도를 계산하였고, 이 값들을 열구조 해석에 하중 경계조건으로 적용하였다.9-11 노즐 확대부는 열에의한 영향과 압력에 의한 영향을 동시에 받기 때문에 Solver Type으로는 열구조 연성기법을 적용하였다. 본 연구에서는 구조해석 상용 S/W인 ABAQUS 2016을 이용하여 열구조 해석을 수행하였고, Element Type으로는 CAX4T (A 4-Node Axisymmetric Thermally Coupled Quadrilateral, Bilinear Displacement and Temperature) 요소를 적용하였다. 열구조 Transient 해석시 시간 증분(dt) 조건은 ABAQUS S/W에서 제공하는 Automatic 기능을 이용 하였다.7
Fig. 6

1-way FSI flow

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f006.jpg

2.3.4 열구조 해석 결과

본 연구에서는 Fig. 4 및 Table 1에서 나와있는 각 모델에 대해 ①번 노즐 라이너의 변형량, ④번 밸브 하우징 오링 장착부의 온도 변화량을 비교/분석 하였다. Fig. 7에는 각 소재 형상별 ④번 하우징 오링 장착부의 온도를 모델 상호간 비교를 용이하게 하기 위하여 최고 높은 온도가 발생한 C/C Normal Type의 80.5o을 기준으로 정규화하여 나타내었고, Fig. 8에는 각 소재 형상별 ①번 노즐 라이너의 변형량을 S/Phenolic H-Type 0.22 mm을 기준으로 정규화하여 나타내었다.
Fig. 7

Normalized temperature of housing for weight reduction model

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f007.jpg
Fig. 8

Normalized displacement of nozzle liner for weight reduction model

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f008.jpg
Figs. 7과 8을 통해 Normal Type과 V Type은 하우징 오링부 온도 및 노즐 라이너 변형 측면에서 동등 수준이고, H Type은 상대적으로 라이너 변형 측면에서 취약함을 확인할 수 있다. 이는 노즐 축방향으로 살빼기를 함으로써 강성이 낮아졌기 때문인 것으로 분석된다. 다음 Fig. 9에는 동일 형상의 소재별 ④번 하우징 오링 장착부의 온도를 최고 높은 온도가 발생한C/C Normal Type의 80.5o를 기준으로 정규화 하여 나타내었고, Fig. 10에는 동일 형상의 소재별 ①번 노즐 라이너의 변형량을 S/Phenolic H-Type 0.22 mm를 기준으로 정규화 하여 나타내었다.
Fig. 9

Normalized temperature of housing for weight reduction model

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f009.jpg
Fig. 10

Normalized displacement of nozzle liner for weight reduction model

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f010.jpg
Fig. 9을 통해 모든 타입에서 S/Phenolic을 적용할 경우가 ④번 하우징 오링 장착부의 온도 측면에서 가장 양호하고 C/SiC, C/C 순으로 온도가 상승함을 확인할 수 있다. S/Phenolic 소재의 전도도는 상온기준으로 0.61 W/m/oC, C/SiC소재는 15 W/m/oC, C/C는 60 W/m/oC 수준으로 S/Phenolic 소재의 낮은 전도도 특성 때문인 것으로 분석된다8. Fig. 10을 통해서는 ①번 노즐라이너의 변형량 측면에서 S/Phenolic을 적용 했을 때가 상대적으로 가장 취약하고 C/SiC와 C/C 소재를 적용한 모델은 유사한 수준을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있다.

2.3.5 경량화 모델 제시

상기 열구조 해석 결과를 종합해볼 때 밸브 노즐 확장부의 경량화 설계 개념으로는 내열재료는 C/C 소재를 사용하고 V-Type의 살빼기를 한 형상이 적합한 것으로 분석 되었다. C/C 소재를 적용할 경우 C/SiC 소재를 적용한 모델보다 하우징 오링 장착부 온도가 약 20% 상승하지만 그 값이 80.5o 수준으로 고무 오링 가용온도 250o를 고려할 때 문제 되지 않는 수준으로 판단되며 최종 경량화 제시모델에서 추가 확인이 필요하다. 노즐 확장부의 경량화 설계 개념은 노즐 후방부에도 동일하게 적용 가능하다. Table 3 및 Fig. 11은 노즐 후방부를 포함한 기준모델 및 경량화 제시모델의 형상 및 주요 제원 값을 나타낸다. 제시된 경량화 모델 적용시 약 22%의 경량화가 가능 할 것으로 분석 된다.
Table 3

Design parameter of weight reduction valve model

Table 3
Reference model Suggest model
Heat resistant
material		 C/SiC C/C
Weight ratio 1 0.78 (22% down)
Fig. 11

Configuration of reference and suggest model for weight reduction model

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f011.jpg
노즐 후방부까지 확장한 기준 모델 및 경량화 제시 모델에 대해 2.3.4절에서 수행한 방법으로 열구조 해석을 실시하여 ①번 핀틀의 변형량, ②번 하우징 오링 장착부의 온도, ③번 핀틀 오링 장착부의 온도를 비교 분석하여 경량화 제시 모델의 타당성을 검증하였다.
Fig. 12는 DACS 작동 10초 후의 밸브의 온도 분포도를 나타낸다.
Fig. 12

Temperature distribution of valve at 10 second

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f012.jpg
두 모델의 ②번 하우징 오링 장착부의 온도 변화를 Reference Model 81o를 기준으로, ③번 핀틀 오링 장착부의 온도변화를 Suggest Model 230o를 기준으로 각각 정규화 하여 Fig. 13에 나타내었다. 두 모델 모두 오링 장착부의 온도변화 차이는 3% 수준으로 유사하며 최대 발생온도가 오링의 가용온도 250o 이내인 것으로 확인 된다. Fig. 14에는 두 모델의 ①번 노즐 라이너의 변형량을 Suggest Model 0.09 mm을 기준으로 정규화하여 나타낸 것으로 최대 발생 변위값이 기준 모델대비 경량화 제시모델이 2.3% 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 노즐 라이너 변위 2.3% 증가는 노즐목 면적을 증가 시켜 최종적으로는 DACS 밸브 추력에서 약 4%의 감소를 가져오게 된다. 하지만 5% 이하의 추력변화는 DACS 시스템이 압력 제어를 하는 것을 고려할 때 제어가 가능한 수준으로 분석된다. 따라서 제시된 설계 개념은 밸브의 경량화 설계에 적용 가능할 것으로 판단 된다.
Fig. 13

Normalized temperature of reference & suggest model

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f013.jpg
Fig. 14

Normalized displacement of reference & suggest model

KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_f014.jpg
본 논문에서는 DACS 시스템의 밸브 경량화 모델 제시를 위해 노즐 확대부에 대한 형상변경 및 내열재 소재 변경 가능성을 검토하였다. DACS 구동조건인 고온/고압 환경에서 경량화 모델의 타당성을 검토하기 위하여 일방형 유체-구조연성해석을 실시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 경량화 적용 가능 모델로 단열재로는 C/C 소재를 적용하고 내열재 부품을 밸브 축방향에 수직한 방향으로 살빼기 가공하는 형상을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 약 22%의 경량화가 가능할 것으로 분석된다.
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Jun Bok Ko
KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_bf001.jpg
Senior researcher in Hanwha Corporation Defense R&D Center. His research interest is CAE, DACS System
Young Soo Park
KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_bf002.jpg
Assistant researcher in Hanwha Corporation Defense R&D Center. His research interest is DACS System
Seong Su Kim
KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_bf003.jpg
Assistant researcher in Hanwha Corporation Defense R&D Center. His research interest is DACS System
So Dam Yi
KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_bf004.jpg
Assistant researcher in Hanwha Corporation Defense R&D Center. Her research interest is CAE, DACS System
Ki Bong Baek
KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_bf005.jpg
Senior researcher in Hanwha Corporation Defense R&D Center. His research interest is DACS System
Dong Sung Ha
KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_bf006.jpg
Senior researcher in Agency for Defense Development. His research interest is DACS System.
Jae Su Kwak
KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_bf007.jpg
Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University. His research interest is Computational Fluid Dynamics.
Suhk Hoon Suh
KSPE_2019_v36n8_729_bf008.jpg
Principal researcher in Hanwha Corporation Defense R&D Center. His research interest is thrust control systems

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A Study on the Weight Reduction Model of DACS System Valve with Pintle
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2019;36(8):729-736.   Published online August 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.8.729
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A Study on the Weight Reduction Model of DACS System Valve with Pintle
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2019;36(8):729-736.   Published online August 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.8.729
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Related articles

A Study on the Weight Reduction Model of DACS System Valve with Pintle
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Types of missile defense interceptors1 (Adapted from Ref. 1 on the basis of open access)
Fig. 2 Typical configuration of DACS thruster2 (Adapted from Ref. 2 on the basis of open access)
Fig. 3 Configuration of DACS valve3 (Adapted from Ref. 3 on the basis of open access)
Fig. 4 Configuration of weight reduction model
Fig. 5 Distribution of pressure and heat transfer coef.
Fig. 6 1-way FSI flow
Fig. 7 Normalized temperature of housing for weight reduction model
Fig. 8 Normalized displacement of nozzle liner for weight reduction model
Fig. 9 Normalized temperature of housing for weight reduction model
Fig. 10 Normalized displacement of nozzle liner for weight reduction model
Fig. 11 Configuration of reference and suggest model for weight reduction model
Fig. 12 Temperature distribution of valve at 10 second
Fig. 13 Normalized temperature of reference & suggest model
Fig. 14 Normalized displacement of reference & suggest model

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

A Study on the Weight Reduction Model of DACS System Valve with Pintle
Material Shape of ② part
Normal type H-Type V-Type
② C/SiC 1.00 0.93 0.90
C/C 0.86 0.80 0.77
S/Phenolic 0.78 0.73 0.70
① : Steel, ③ : S/Phenolic, ④:AISI 4130
1 Inlet conditions : Total pressure
Total pressure : 2,500 psi
Total temperature : 2,750 K
2 Outlet conditions : Pressure outlet
Back flow pressure : 1atm
Back flow temperature : 300 K
3 Wall condition : Constant temperature
4 Symmetry condition
Reference model Suggest model
Heat resistant
material		 C/SiC C/C
Weight ratio 1 0.78 (22% down)
Table 1 Material composition and weight ratio

*Reference model : ② material = C/SiC, Normal Type

Table 2 Boundary condition of fluid analysis
Table 3 Design parameter of weight reduction valve model

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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