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고압직류송전 전력변환기 내 반도체 소자의 온도 저감을 위한 액체 냉각 성능 측정 시스템

Development of Cooling Performance Evaluation System for Semiconductor Device in High Voltage Direct Current Converter

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2020;37(10):761-764.
Published online: October 1, 2020

1 창원대학교 대학원 기계공학부

2 창원대학교 기계공학부

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#E-mail: heesungpark@changwon.ac.kr, TEL: +82-55-213-3609
• Received: March 4, 2020   • Revised: June 18, 2020   • Accepted: July 2, 2020

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • The high voltage direct current (HVDC) device has been used to transmit electrical power with an advanced technology of semiconductors. The sustainable energy generation technologies of solar power and windmills are demanding that the HVDCs have high performance and reliability. In this regard, the cooling performance of the HVDC becomes a significant research topic because the temperature increase affects the operation of the device. The evaluation system to assess the cooling performance has been developed and is proposed in this paper. The experimental apparatus is presented in detail. Our experiments have shown the accuracy of flow rates, pressure drops, and the temperatures in the desired measurement points. We have successfully developed an evaluation system of the cooling performance of the HVDC device which has 2.48 kW of heat dissipation.
최근 선진국에서는 신재생 에너지의 시장의 점유율이 확대되고 있으며, 화석연료를 사용하는 에너지 시장이 줄어들고 있다. NPS (New Policy Scenario)의 전력 수요 전망치에 따르면 2040년까지 글로벌 전력 수요가 크게 증가할 것으로 예측된다. 또한 여러 산업 부문의 발전, 전기화 증가에 따라 신재생 발전 및 기존 전력망의 효율 증대와 같이 전력계통의 자원 확보가 중요하다.1 전력 자원 확보를 위한 여러 방법 중 대륙 또는 국가 간 에너지 수송 네트워크인 슈퍼 그리드(Super Grid)는 국가 간 전기 에너지 교환을 통해 효율적인 관리를 가능하게 하는 방법으로, 이러한 장거리 송전 전력망에서의 핵심 기술 중에는 HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) 시스템이 있다.
HVDC 시스템은 장거리 송전 시 기존 발전소의 교류 전류를 전력변환장치를 통해 직류 전류로 바꿔 소비자가 사용하기 전까지 전기를 보내는 것이다. 이를 위한 DC 전류 송전 기술이 국내외에서 연구 및 개발되어 HVDC 시스템 설치 및 사용이 확대되고 있다. 시스템의 핵심적 기기는 AC 전력을 DC 전력으로 전환하는 전력변환장치(Power Converter)이고 이 장치에 들어가는 반도체의 기술은 급진적으로 발전해왔다.2 HVDC 시스템의 주요 장비인 전력변환장치는 반도체와 부품들로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 장치는 장기 운영되는 시스템의 특성상 고전압 및 대전류 환경에서 발생하는 발열을 효과적으로 조절해야 한다. 이러한 발열은 반도체의 열화 현상에 대한 원인이 되며, 반도체 소자의 적층 구조에서 발생하는 층간 분리는 소재의 온도에 따른 수축률에 기인한다. 심할 경우 발전소의 운전 중지를 초례할 수 있다. HVDC 시스템의 효율적인 운영을 위한 반도체의 온도는 가용 범위 수준에서 관리되어야 한다.3-6
반도체 냉각을 위한 방열판 구성 방식에는 공랭식과 수냉식이 있으며, 공랭식은 냉각 채널의 구조가 간단하여 시스템의 경제성이 우수하고 정비 및 사용이 편리하다는 장점을 가진다. 한편 수냉식의 경우 액체 용매를 사용하므로 공기에 비해 높은 열전달이 이루어지기 때문에 작은 크기에도 방열 효과가 우수하게 나타난다. 따라서 공랭식의 낮은 냉각 성능 때문에 장비 크기의 증가 및 장비 소음이 발생하기 때문에 수냉식 방열판이 요구된다.7 김찬기8의 연구에 따르면 열 용량이 높고 전도도가 0.2 uS/cm 미만인 물을 냉각 유체로 적용한 수냉식 방열판의 경우 발열량18 kW를 인가해 발열면 평균온도를 4.8oC 이내로 컨트롤할 수 있는 방열판을 개발하였다. 방열판 냉각 성능의 경우 내부 유로 형상 및 발열량에 따라 달라지며, 표면 온도 측정으로 냉각 성능을 평가할 수 있다.
본 연구에서는 HVDC 시스템 중 전력변환장치에 사용되는 수냉식 방열판의 냉각 성능 측정 장치를 구축하였다. 해당 장치는 일정한 액체 냉각수 온도와 발열량 조건에 따라 다양한 유량에서의 방열판 냉각 성능을 비교할 수 있도록 제작되었다. 또한 측정 시스템의 정확도 및 재현성 평가를 통해 제품 개발 단계에 적용 가능한 수준의 시스템을 구축하였다.
2.1 실험 장치 구성
본 실험에서는 HVDC 시스템의 전력변환장치에 들어가는 수냉식 방열판의 냉각 성능을 평가하기위한 실험 장치를 구성하였으며, Fig. 1에 개략도를 나타내었다. 실험 장치 구성은 크게 냉각수 온도 조절 및 순환을 위한 항온조(JEIO TECH HH-55H), 냉각수의 안정적인 공급을 위한 레귤레이터(DRASTAR DR905), 유량에 대한 실시간 데이터를 저장하기 위한 디지털 유량계(ATRATO 760-V20-D), 방열판의 유로 형상과 단면적 모양에 따라 달라지는 입/출구 차압 측정을 위한 차압계(DRUK UNIK5000), 반도체의 발열을 모사하기 위한 전기저항 히터(Cartridge Heater, 3.6 kW), 히터의 PID 제어를 위한 제어기, 압력 상승에 따른 안전사고 방지를 위한 바이패스 라인(Bypass Line), T-Type 열전대(OMEGA), 압력/온도/유량 데이터 수집 시스템(Data Acquisition System, GRAPHTEC GL240, NI-9214)와 소프트웨어를 사용하였다. 온도를 측정하는 위치는 총 9곳으로 입/출구 유로 중심 2곳, 방열판 표면 6곳, 대기 1곳이다. 실제 장착되는 반도체를 모사하기 위한 히터 블록은 Fig. 2에 A, B로 나타내었으며, 블록 A, B에 실제 반도체의 발열량과 동일한 1,020와 1,460 W의 발열량을 주었다. 방열판과 히터 블록의 접촉 열저항을 줄이기 위해 써멀그리스(DOW CORNING TC-5021)를 도포하였다. 방열판 입/출구에 차압 및 온도 측정을 위해 커넥터를 설계하였으며, 차압계의 입/출구 높이를 동일하게 배치하여 수두 손실을 배제하였다. 사용된 방열판의 크기는 가로(500mm), 세로(150mm), 높이(30mm)이며 내부 유로는 Serpentine 타입이고, 단면 형상은 지름(D = 20 mm)인 원형이고 길이(L = 2,000 mm)이다.
Fig. 1

Schematic of the experiment system for evaluation of liquid cooling efficiency of HVDC heat sink

KSPE_2020_v37n10_761_f001.jpg
Fig. 2

The differential pressure meter installed at entrance and exit and HVDC heat sink showing 9 thermocouple positions

KSPE_2020_v37n10_761_f002.jpg
2.2 실험 방법
Fig. 2에 방열판 냉각 성능 측정 모습을 나타내었다. 방열판에 들어가는 냉각수의 진행 방향과 열전대의 측정 위치, 히터 삽입 위치, 방열판의 입/출구에 장착된 커넥터 위치, 블록에 장착된 차압 측정 위치를 보여주고 있다. 방열판의 성능 평가를 위해 열전대는 입/출구 냉각수에 직접 닿는 방식으로 2곳, 각 히터 블록 세로 중심선에서 내부 유로 방향의 수직에 위치한 방열판 표면에 접촉하는 방식으로 6곳, 대기 노출 방식으로 1곳을 측정하였고, 입/출구에 있는 커넥터에서 차압을 측정하였다. 가혹한 사용환경을 고려하여 방열판의 입구 냉각수 온도를 50oC로 설정하였고 냉각수는 PG (Propylene Glycol)를 증류수 중량에 대해 30 wt%로 제조하였다. 모사 발열체의 전력 제어를 위해 전기저항 히터 제어기를 각 블록마다 한 대씩 사용하였으며, 레귤레이터로 유량을 조절하였다. 실험간 데이터는 5에서 10 L/min까지 1 L/min 간격으로 측정하였으며, 각 유량에 대해 DAQ와 PC를 사용해 온도, 유량, 차압, 발열량을 1초 간격으로 10분간 실시간 수집하였다. 또한 방열판 입구 냉각수 온도는 ±2.5oC 이내의 조건을 만족시키도록 설정하였으며, 방열판 냉각 성능은 표면 온도 측정값으로 정의하고 분석하였다.
Fig. 3은 방열판에 부착된 2개 블록에 인가한 전력값이 각 유량에 따라 10분간 일정하게 제어됨을 보여준다. 블록에 인가한 전력값은 실제 반도체 발열량을 동일하게 모사한 것이며 향후에 냉각 성능 측정 시스템의 높은 신뢰성에 기여함을 알 수 있다.
Fig. 3

Experimental data for power of the electric resistance heater at the simulated heating element

KSPE_2020_v37n10_761_f003.jpg
방열판 입/출구에서 측정한 시간 및 유량에 대한 차압을 Fig. 4에 나타내었다. 유량 및 10분의 시간 동안 측정되는 차압이 정상 상태로 유지됨을 알 수 있다. 이러한 측정 데이터 역시 본 연구에서 구성한 측정 시스템의 신뢰도가 높음을 알 수 있다.
Fig. 4

Experimental data for pressure drop at the inlet and outlet of the HVDC heat sink experimental equipment

KSPE_2020_v37n10_761_f004.jpg
Figs. 34의 조건하에서 측정한 온도변화를 Fig. 5에 나타내었다. Fig. 5에 나타낸 위치들은 Fig. 2에 나타낸 온도 측정 위치를 표현하며, Point 7(방열판 입구 냉각수 온도)은 50oC로 설정된 것보다 2oC 정도 높게 측정된 것을 알 수 있다. 이는 본 연구에서 선정한 2.5oC 이내 조건을 만족하고 측정하는 동안의 온도 편차가 1oC 이내에 들어오므로 이상적으로 온도 제어가 되었다고 볼 수 있다. 특히 방열판 표면의 온도를 측정한 결과 발열량을 일정하게 유지시켰을 때 온도가 감소되는 경향이 유량 변화와 일치됨을 알 수 있다.
Fig. 5

Experimental data for temperature about time of the 9 thermocouple points at the HVDC heat sink experimental equipment

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이러한 실험 데이터를 기반으로 하여 본 연구에서 개발된 측정 시스템의 신뢰성을 확보할 수 있었으며, 이는 Table 1에 나타낸 것과 같이 정량적인 표준편차 분석 결과로도 알 수 있다. 각 조건에서 측정된 데이터를 종합하여 평균값과 표준편차를 나타내었다. 유량의 경우에는 6 L/min에서 최대 2.2%의 오차가 발생되었고, 표준편차는 10 L/min에서 0.17이었다. 유량이 증가될수록 항온조의 펌프 작동에 의한 표준편차가 증가된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그러나 표준편차의 절댓값이 작아 연구 결과에 영향을 미치지 않을 수준이고, 온도 제어와 마찬가지로 측정 시스템의 유량에 관한 신뢰도 또한 높은 것을 알 수 있다. 측정된 압력 강하에 대한 표준편차를 살펴보면 유량이 5에서 10 L/min로 증가할 때 0.12-0.15로 무시할 정도의 작은 값이 유지되고 있다. 이러한 결과로부터 본 연구에서 제안한 측정 시스템은 높은 신뢰도를 확보하였음을 알 수 있다.
Table 1

The average values and standard deviations of the measured flow rates and pressure drops

Table 1
5 L/min 6 L/min 7 L/min 8 L/min 9 L/min 10 L/min
Flow rate [L/min] 5.04 6.13 7.11 8.1 8.99 10.07
Standard deviation 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.17
Pressure drop [kPa] 1.62 2.39 3.22 4.14 5.08 6.34
Standard deviation 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15
본 연구에서는 고압직류송전 전력변환기 내 반도체 소자의 액체 방열판에 대한 냉각 성능 측정 시스템을 개발하였다. 시스템 구축 이후 방열판의 냉각 성능 테스트를 통해 유량, 차압, 온도 데이터를 수집 및 분석하였다. 실제 설비들이 가혹한 환경에서 동작되는 상황을 모사하기 위해 액체 방열판의 입구 냉각수 온도를 50oC로 설정하여 유량, 차압, 측정 온도의 시간에 대한 안정성을 측정하였다. 또한 모사 발열체, 방열판 입/출구의 냉각수 온도 및 차압 측정을 위한 커넥터 등을 제작하였다. 실험을 통해 고온 동작하에서도 유량 및 차압의 표준편차가 각각 0.17, 0.15로 유지될 수 있는 신뢰도 높은 측정 시스템 구성 및 작동을 확인하였다. 이러한 신뢰성 높은 측정 시스템을 기반으로 향후 다양한 조건 및 설계된 방열판에 대해 유량과 차압 뿐만 아니라 온도 저감 등의 특성을 정밀하게 평가할 수 있다고 사료된다.
이 논문은 2019년도 정부(과학기술정보통신부)의 재원(No. NRF-2019R1A2C1002212)과 정부(미래창조과학부)의 재원(No. NRF-2018R1A5A6075959)으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임.
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Jaemun Choi
KSPE_2020_v37n10_761_bf001.jpg
M.Sc. candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Changwon National University. His research interest is experimental fluid dynamics and wind tunnel study.
Jaehyun Park
KSPE_2020_v37n10_761_bf002.jpg
Ph.D. candidate in Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Changwon National University. His research interest is microcooling and heat transfer.
Heesung Park
KSPE_2020_v37n10_761_bf003.jpg
Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon national University. His research interest is thermofluidic devices for sustainable energy systems.

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Development of Cooling Performance Evaluation System for Semiconductor Device in High Voltage Direct Current Converter
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2020;37(10):761-764.   Published online October 1, 2020
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Development of Cooling Performance Evaluation System for Semiconductor Device in High Voltage Direct Current Converter
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2020;37(10):761-764.   Published online October 1, 2020
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Development of Cooling Performance Evaluation System for Semiconductor Device in High Voltage Direct Current Converter
Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Schematic of the experiment system for evaluation of liquid cooling efficiency of HVDC heat sink
Fig. 2 The differential pressure meter installed at entrance and exit and HVDC heat sink showing 9 thermocouple positions
Fig. 3 Experimental data for power of the electric resistance heater at the simulated heating element
Fig. 4 Experimental data for pressure drop at the inlet and outlet of the HVDC heat sink experimental equipment
Fig. 5 Experimental data for temperature about time of the 9 thermocouple points at the HVDC heat sink experimental equipment
Development of Cooling Performance Evaluation System for Semiconductor Device in High Voltage Direct Current Converter
5 L/min 6 L/min 7 L/min 8 L/min 9 L/min 10 L/min
Flow rate [L/min] 5.04 6.13 7.11 8.1 8.99 10.07
Standard deviation 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.17
Pressure drop [kPa] 1.62 2.39 3.22 4.14 5.08 6.34
Standard deviation 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15
Table 1 The average values and standard deviations of the measured flow rates and pressure drops