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고전력전자 반도체 소자의 액체 냉각을 위한 원형 유로의 형상 변화가 냉각 성능에 미치는 영향

박재현1, 최제문1, 한창우2, 박희성3,#orcid

Effect of Liquid Coolant Channel Configuration on Cooling Performance of High Power Electronics

Jaehyun Park1, Jaemun Choi1, Changwoo Han2, Heesung Park3,#orcid
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2021;38(1):29-33.
Published online: January 1, 2021

1 창원대학교 대학원 기계공학부

2 효성중공업연구소

3 창원대학교 기계공학부

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#E-mail: heesungpark@changwon.ac.kr, TEL: +82-55-213-3609
• Received: May 1, 2020   • Revised: October 12, 2020   • Accepted: October 28, 2020

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

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  • Power electronic systems have been widely applied in both industrial and domestic applications in the modern society for controlling and converting electrical energy. Due to their characteristics, such as excellent performance, low cost, high reliability, and low weight and size, power semiconductors, including insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) dominate the market of power converters. The technical progress and development trend of IGBT for industrial applications are primarily driven by five aspects influenced by each other to an extent, including operating temperature, efficiency, dimension, reliability, and cost. Liquid cooling systems surpass the air cooling systems by supplying heat transfer coefficient, which is several orders of magnitude higher. Thus, using liquid cooling system enables much higher power densities of power modules and more compact converter solutions.
  • KEYWORDS: Heat sink, Liquid cooling, Thermal characteristics, Pressure drop, Vortex generator
  • KEYWORDS: 방열판, 수냉식 냉각, 열특성, 압력강하, 난류발생기
전력전자 시스템은 전기에너지를 제어하고 변환하는데 사용하기 위해 현대 사회의 산업 및 가정 응용 분야에 널리 적용되어 왔다.1 또한 전력전자 시스템의 사용은 전기 자동차, 기차, 자동화된 제조 시스템, 발전 등에 에너지 절약 및 소형 구조를 가져왔다.2 우수한 성능, 저렴한 비용, 높은 신뢰성, 낮은 무게 및 절연 게이트 양극성 트랜지스터를 포함하는 크기의 전력 반도체는 전력 변환기 시장이 커지고 있다.3,4 가장 중요한 전력 변환기 장치 중 하나인 IGBT (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor)는 1982년에 발명되었으며 바이폴라 장치를 고전압 및 전류 시장에 적용하는 것을 가속화하였다.5 1988년에 최초의 상용 제품이 등장한 이후 IGBT는 개별 및 모듈 시장에서 주요 전력변환장치 중 하나로 중요한 중요성을 얻고 있다.6,7 IGBT는 광범위한 전류 및 전압에서 작동하는 분야에서 사용한다. IGBT의 전류 정격은 스마트 그리드를 제외하고 이러한 여러 분야에서 전압 정격이 증가함에 따라 증가한다. 스마트 그리드 분야는 낮은 정격 전류의 고전압 장치가 필요하다는 점에서 독특하다. 실리콘 IGBT의 경우 문제는 멀티칩 프레스 팩 모듈을 사용하여 해결된다. 보다 진보된 해결 방법은 실리콘보다 높은 주파수에서 작동할 수 있는 SiC 기반 IGBT를 사용한다. 절연 게이트 양극성 트랜지스터와 같은 전력 전자 장치는 정상 작동 시에도 전도 및 스위칭 손실로 인해 최대 수백 와트의 열을 발생시킨다. 발생된 열은 전체 전력의 작은 부분이지만 온도가 국부적으로 상승하여 여러 문제들을 일으키게 된다. 더욱이 장치 및 패키지가 작아짐에 따라 발생된 손실은 칩에서 매우 큰 열발산으로 이어진다.8 따라서 냉각 시스템의 설계를 이용한 전력 장치의 열 관리는 안정적인 성능을 위해 중요한 요소가 된다.
정상 작동에서 전력 사이클링으로 인한 온도 변동의 진폭은 전력 장치의 고장을 초래하지만 전력 장치의 지배적 고장 메커니즘은 온도가 높기 때문에 발생한다. IGBT 기술의 빠른 발전으로 고속 및 소형 패키지로 칩의 높은 전력 밀도가 향상된다. 일반적으로 더 복잡하고 부피가 큰 냉각 방법이 필요하다. 300 W/cm2보다 높은 열 손실로 고전력 모듈을 냉각하는 것은 기존의 공기 냉각 시스템의 기능을 넘어선다. 한편, 액체 냉각 시스템은 열 전달 계수를 수십배 더 높게 공급함으로써 공기 냉각시스템을 능가한다. 따라서 액체 냉각 시스템을 사용하면 전력모듈의 훨씬 높은 전력 밀도와 컴팩트한 컨버터 제작이 가능하다. 오늘날, 일반적으로 간접 및 직접 액체 냉각의 두 그룹으로 분류되는 다양한 수냉 시스템들이 소개되었다.9 간접 액체 냉각에서는 전원 모듈이 닫힌 냉각기에 장착된다. 냉간 방열판(Heat Sink)은 알루미늄 압출의 압축된 구리 튜브 또는 알루미늄판의 건 드릴링 구멍으로 제작된다. 본 연구는 200 MW급 전압형 전력 변환 장치 반도체 소자의 발열에 대한 냉각을 위해 방열판의 열유동 성능에 대한 실험적 분석을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 반도체 소자를 모사할 수 있는 전기저항히터 시험 장치를 이용하며, 일반적인 작동 환경에서 냉각유체에 의한 압력강하와 방열판의 냉각 성능에 관한 연구를 수행하여 효율 높은 냉각 구조에 대해 고찰하고자 한다
본 연구에서 시험평가 장치의 개략도는 Fig. 1에 나타내었다. 시험 장치의 구성품으로는 냉각수의 유량공급 및 온도조절을 위한 항온조(Jeio Tech, HH-55), 유량을 조절해주는 유량계(Profimess, SI-00), 압력계(Unik, PMP 5073), 온도측정을 위한 T형 열전대 및 데이터 수집 장치(MIDI Logger, GL240), 모사발열체, 컨트롤러로 구성된다. 본 실험이 수행되는 환경의 온도를 정확하게 제어하기 위해 항온장치가 설치된 실내에서 구성하였다. 그외 테플론(PTFE) 튜브와 커넥터들로 구성된다. 냉각수로 사용되는 30% 프로필렌 글리콜(Propylene Glycol, PG)과 방열판의 재료 물성치는 Table 1에 정리하였다. 본 연구에서 히터는 개당 300 W의 발열을 낼 수 있으며, 1개의 컨트롤러에 6개의 히터를 컴퓨터 소프트웨어에 의해 제어한다. 유량, 온도, 발열량은 실시간으로 PC 소프트웨어와 연동하여 1초 간격으로 수집된다. Fig. 2는 본 연구에서 사용되어진 방열판의 형상을 나타낸다. Fig. 2에서 보여지는 방열판의 가로, 세로 및 두께는 각각 150, 510 그리고 30 mm이다. 내부 유로의 크기는 10 mm이다. 냉각유로의 형상은 원형관(Circle Type), 핀형상관(Fin Type), 난류발생기(Vortex Generator Type) 세 가지이다. 핀형상관은 원형유로에 원주 방향으로 톱니와 같은 가공을 추가하여 냉각유체와 냉각판 사이의 접촉면적을 증가시켰다. 이에 반해 난류발생기타입은 원형관내에 스프링 구조를 삽입하여 내부에 난류가 발생하도록 하였다. Fig. 3은 방열판에 열전대 삽입 위치를 나타내었다. 1-6번은 방열판에서 측정된 위치이고, 7번과 8번은 각각 방열판 입구와 출구부의 부동액 온도를 측정하기 위함이다. 실내의 온도 변화는 실험 진행 시간 동안 측정하였으며, Fig. 4의 검은색 선으로 도시된 바와 같이 20°C 근처에서 균일하게 유지된 것을 알 수 있다. 압력은 방열판 입구측과 출구측에 있는 방열판 커넥터에서 측정하였다. 냉각 성능 시험은 제작한 모사발열체 블록에 원형 전기저항히터를 삽입하여 가열하였으며, 성능 시험 조건에 따라 일정하게 열량이 공급되도록 컨트롤러 입력 전압을 조절하여 진행하였다. 유량은 5에서 10L/min까지 1 L/min 간격으로 증가시키면서 실험을 진행하였다. 이러한 조건에서 내부 유로의 크기에 대한 레이놀즈 수는 8,500-17,000이다. 모사발열체 블록 A에는 1,020, 블록 B에는 1,460 W를 인가하였다.
Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of the experiment setup

KSPE_2021_v38n1_29_f001.jpg
Table 1

Material properties used in the experiment

Table 1
Property 30% PG Heat sink
Density [kg/m3] 1013.8 2,700
Specific heat [J/kgK] 3,930 896
Viscosity [kg/ms] 0.00126 -
Thermal conductivity [W/mK] 0.457 180
Fig. 2

Three different types of heat sink: Circle, Fin, and Vortex generation type, respectively

KSPE_2021_v38n1_29_f002.jpg
Fig. 3

Experimental setup with measuring points for temperature and pressure drop

KSPE_2021_v38n1_29_f003.jpg
Fig. 4

Temperature variations at different measurement positions

KSPE_2021_v38n1_29_f004.jpg
시험 평가의 신뢰성을 위하여 수집되는 데이터의 안정화를 먼저 확인하였다. Fig. 4는 냉각수의 유량을 5L/min부터 1L/min씩 증가시켜 10 L/min까지 변화한 후 온도 변화를 시간순으로 나타낸 것이다.
특히 그래프를 보면 주위 환경온도가 20°C 근처에서 균일하게 유지되는 것을 알 수 있고, 냉각수의 입구온도 역시 49.62-50.35°C로 매우 균일하다. 이러한 실험 시간 동안 히터를 작동시키면서 냉각유체의 유량을 5-10 L/min으로 증가시키는 동안 각 측정점에서 온도가 점진적으로 감소됨을 알 수 있다. 특히 Fig. 5는 모사발열체의 열을 인가하는 동안 정상 상태가 유지되는 것을 보여주는 그래프이다. 본 연구에서 구축한 실험 장치의 유량 공급, 온도, 히터열 인가 등이 모두 안정적으로 동작하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 동일한 유량 변화 조건에 대해서 각각 다른 세가지 방식의 냉각유로 구조에 대한 시험을 반복하여 수행하였다. 압력강하의 특성은 먼저 Fig. 6에 도시하였다. 여기서 유량을 관의 크기에 대한 레이놀즈 수로 변환하여 표현하였다. 원형관 형상의 경우 레이놀즈 수에 대한 압력강하는 선형적인 관계를 나타내며, 그 크기는 1.65-6.55 kPa로 증가한다. 핀 형상관에서는 3.43-11.95 kPa, 난류발생기는 2.97-11.5 kPa로 증가함을 알 수 있다. 핀 타입과 난류발생기 방식은 내부의 유체가 방열판과 더 많이 접촉하게 되므로 압력강하가 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 영향은 온도감소, 즉 냉각 성능을 향상시키는데에 기여하게 된다. Fig. 7에는 입구의 온도와 방열판의 최대온도 지점과의 온도차이를 그래프로 표현하였다. 레이놀즈 수가 증가할수록, 즉 유량이 증가할수록 온도 상승은 선형적으로 감소한다. 또한 압력강하와는 반대로 온도 차이는 핀타입과 난류발생기가 원형타입에 비해 5-7°C 낮았다.
Fig. 5

Constantly applied heat during the experimentations

KSPE_2021_v38n1_29_f005.jpg
Fig. 6

Pressure drop against Reynolds number with the fluid temperature of 50°C at the inlet

KSPE_2021_v38n1_29_f006.jpg
Fig. 7

Temperature rise between the inlet and cold plate against Reynolds number

KSPE_2021_v38n1_29_f007.jpg
이는 원형 타입의 경우보다 핀 타입 및 난류발생기 타입의 열전달이 더 높게 된 것을 알 수 있다. 원형관에서의 최대온도 상승은 18.87-27.44°C, 난류발생기는 13.41-18.73°C 그리고 핀형상관에서는 13.33-18.39°C이다. 이를 상호 비교하면 원형관은 핀형상관 및 난류발생기에 비해 5.54-9.05°C만큼 높은 온도가 나타났다. 이에 반해 압력강하는 Fig. 6에 보여지는 바와 같이 원형관, 핀 타입, 그리고 난류발생기 순으로 높게 나타난다. 원형관에서 가장 작은 압력강하를 나타내지만 방열판의 냉각 성능은 가장 낮았다. 이러한 실험 결과로 보아, 난류발생기의 냉각성능은 향상되었으며, 압력강하는 핀 형상관과 비교하였을 때 전 유량 영역에서 난류발생기 타입이 낮았다. 압력강하량을 유량 변화에 대해서 비교해보면, 레이놀즈 수가 8,500일 때 15% 압력강하가 감소했으며, 레이놀즈 수가 17,000일 때 4%의 압력 강하가 감소가 나타났다. 이렇게 압력강하가 감소하게 되면, 냉각 시스템을 구동시키는데에 필요한 에너지 역시 비례하여 감소하게 되므로, 난류발생기는 유의미한 수준의 성능 향상이 발생한 것을 알 수 있다.
본 연구에서는 방열판의 최대온도, 냉각유체의 입구온도 및 입출구의 압력강하를 실험적으로 측정할 수 있는 장비를 성공적으로 구축하고, 원형관, 핀 타입, 난류발생기 냉각유로에 대해 압력강하와 온도 상승을 측정하여 냉각 성능을 분석하였다.
본 연구는 반도체 소자를 모사할 수 있는 전기저항히터 시험장치를 이용하며, 일반적인 작동 환경에서 냉각유체와 방열판의 열유동 성능 검증 및 효과적인 냉각 채널 형상 개발 형상에 따른 방열판의 압력 및 온도 측정 실험을 수행하였다. 냉각유로의 형상은 원형관, 핀형상관, 난류발생기 세 가지에 대해 유량, 압력강하, 온도 변화를 측정하였다. 그 결과 단순한 원형보다는 핀구조를 추가하였을 때 냉각 성능이 월등히 상승하였으나, 압력 강하도 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와는 달리 난류발생기와 같은 구조를 추가하였을 때는 냉각 성능은 동일하다고 볼 수 있으나, 압력강하가 4-15% 개선되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 향후 방열판의 냉각 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 구조 중에서 난류 방식이 유효한 것으로 사료된다.
이 연구는 산업통상자원부(MOTIE)와 한국에너지기술평가원(KETEP)의 지원을 받아 수행한 연구 과제입니다(No. 20179310100060). 또한 2020년도 정부(과학기술정보통신부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받았습니다(No. NRF-2019R1A2C1002212).
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    Vladimirova, K., Crebier, J. C., Avenas, Y., and Schaeffer, C., “Drift Region Integrated Microchannels for Direct Cooling of Power Electronic Devices: Advantages and Limitations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 2576-2586, 2012.
    10.1109/TPEL.2012.2213267
Jaehyun Park
KSPE_2021_v38n1_29_bf001.jpg
Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University. His research interest is microcooling and heat transfer.
Jaemun Choi
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M.Sc. candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University. His research interest is experimental fluid dynamics and wind tunnel study.
Changwoo Han
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Chief research engineer in the Power and Industrial Systems R&D Center, HYOSUNG Corporation. His research interests include the cooling design and thermo-fluid simulation in the power electronic system.
Heesung Park
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Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University. His research interest is thermofluidic devices for sustainable energy systems.

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Effect of Liquid Coolant Channel Configuration on Cooling Performance of High Power Electronics
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2021;38(1):29-33.   Published online January 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.051
Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
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Include:
Effect of Liquid Coolant Channel Configuration on Cooling Performance of High Power Electronics
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2021;38(1):29-33.   Published online January 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.020.051
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Effect of Liquid Coolant Channel Configuration on Cooling Performance of High Power Electronics
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the experiment setup
Fig. 2 Three different types of heat sink: Circle, Fin, and Vortex generation type, respectively
Fig. 3 Experimental setup with measuring points for temperature and pressure drop
Fig. 4 Temperature variations at different measurement positions
Fig. 5 Constantly applied heat during the experimentations
Fig. 6 Pressure drop against Reynolds number with the fluid temperature of 50°C at the inlet
Fig. 7 Temperature rise between the inlet and cold plate against Reynolds number

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Effect of Liquid Coolant Channel Configuration on Cooling Performance of High Power Electronics
Property 30% PG Heat sink
Density [kg/m3] 1013.8 2,700
Specific heat [J/kgK] 3,930 896
Viscosity [kg/ms] 0.00126 -
Thermal conductivity [W/mK] 0.457 180
Table 1 Material properties used in the experiment

Table 1

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