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멀티스케일 세라믹 구조체를 위한 비전통적 적층 제조 기술

Unconventional Additive Manufacturing for Multiscale Ceramic Structures

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2021;38(9):639-650.
Published online: September 1, 2021

1 창원대학교 스마트제조융합협동과정

2 창원대학교 기계공학부

1 Department of Smart Manufacturing, Changwon National University

2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University

#E-mail: kimseok@changwon.ac.kr, TEL: +82-55-213-3604
• Received: July 10, 2021   • Revised: July 31, 2021   • Accepted: August 9, 2021

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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    Chan Ki Kim, Eung Chang Lee, Joong Bae Kim, Jinsung Rho
    Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2023; 40(4): 275.     CrossRef

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Unconventional Additive Manufacturing for Multiscale Ceramic Structures
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2021;38(9):639-650.   Published online September 1, 2021
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J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2021;38(9):639-650.   Published online September 1, 2021
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Unconventional Additive Manufacturing for Multiscale Ceramic Structures
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Fig. 1 Multiscale composite structures: hard biological materials and artificial architected materials. (a-c) Biological hierarchical lattice materials gain high mechanical robustness from optimized topologies and mechanical size effects in their nanoscale basic building blocks: (a) Vertebral bone and shells,1 (b, c) Whole frustule membrane (External side of the diatom), areola structures (Internal surface of the diatom) in initial stage of formation2 (d-f) Artificial architected materials.8,9 (d) CAD design of a hollow nanolattice, (e) SEM image of the focused ion beam (FIB)-milled edge of a hollow TiN nanolattice, and (f) SEM image of the full structure. The scale at the bottom shows a comparison of the approximate sizes of the components of the structure. (Adapted from Refs. 1, 2, and 9 with permission)
Fig. 2 Converting various thin-film materials into 3D architected materials. Abbreviations: CVD, chemical vapor deposition; ALD, atomic layer deposition4,7,10,11-15 (Adapted from Refs. 7, 11, 13, 14, and 15 with permission)
Fig. 3 Additive manufacturing methods for fabricating polymeric templates. (a) TPL processes focus a laser beam into a photomonomer, creating an ellipsoid-shaped polymer feature (Voxel) down to 100 nm in size,7,9,11 (b) PnP can produce complex and well-defined 3D nanostructures,22 (c) DLP creates centimeter-size arbitrary polymeric microstructures with minimal feature dimensions of 5-300 μm, in a layer-by-layer fashion by polymerizing the surface layer of a photopolymer bath through a digital mask,23 and (d) SPPW creates polymeric microlattices, tens of centimeters in size, within minutes; while topologies are limited to linear extensions of the mask, feature dimensions may be varied in a broad range, from >25 -mm-thick single unit-cell structures to lattices with members ≈10 μm in diameter, to hierarchical structures10,11,26,27 (Adapted from Refs. 10, 11, and 22 with permission)
Fig. 4 Post-processing for synthesizing ceramic-polymer composite or hollow ceramic architectures based on polymer templates. (a) Schematic for fabricating of hollow ceramic and composite architectures by polymer template, thin-film coating, and etching,11 (b) Chemical vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition,25 (c) Self-assembly,30 (d) Dip-coating process28 to better illustrate the dip-coating method, (e) Electroless plating,25 and (f) Heat treatment to remove polymer or material conversion25 (Adapted from Refs. 11, 15, 25, 28 with permission)
Fig. 5 Multiscale ceramic architectures via CVD and ALD process. (a) Hollow SiO2 lattice manufactured by SPPW, CVD, chemical etching,11,26 (b) Hollow alumina microlattice fabricated by DLP, ALD, and thermal treatment,6 (c) Hollow alumina nanolattice fabricated by TPL, ALD, and O2 plasma etching,11 and (d) Titanium nitride (TiN) nanoshell structure created by PnP, ALD, and microwave plasma etching21 (Adapted from Refs. 6, 11, 21, and 26 with permission)
Fig. 6 Ceramic architectures via volumetric shrinkage and, self-assembly, and dip-coating. (a) Graphene/ceramic/carbon composited architecture via the isotropic shrinkage and conversion of a polymeric lattice to graphene network.32 Optical images demonstrating an 80% shrinkage in each direction occurs after process completion resulting in an over 125× reduction in volume, (b) Hollow alumina microarchitectures fabricated by DLP, ALD, and volumetric shrinkage controlled via calcination in the air,33 (c) The architecture of the SiO2/polymer and hollow SiO2 lattices formed by DLP, dip-coating, and calcination,14 and (d) Silica inverse opal film by self-assembly and heat treatment35 (Adapted from Refs. 14, 32, 33, and 35 with permission)
Fig. 7 Lightweight structures and metamaterials. (a) Relative stiffness and (b) relative strength as a function of relative density for hollow ceramic microlattices.6 (c) An in situ test of a polymer/ceramic composite nanolattices, and (d) Stress-strain curves of nanolattices.7 Alumina layers of the indicated thicknesses have been deposited onto a 3D polymeric template. With increasing layer thickness, the compressive strength and stiffness increase strongly compared with bare polymeric templates (Adapted from Refs. 6 and 7 with permission)
Fig. 8 Multifunctional performance of hollow ceramic nanoarchitected materials. (a) SEM image of hollow alumina nanolattice,39 (b) Material property plot of specific modulus versus thermal conductivity. For the same specific stiffness, hollow alumina nanolattices achieve an order of magnitude lower thermal conductivity than do polymer foams and porous ceramics used for space shuttle thermal protection systems, (c) Schematics of hollow ceramic nanolattice capacitor,17 and (d) Young’s modulus vs dielectric constant plots of the nanolattice compared with other Low-k materials (Adapted from Refs. 17 and 39 with permission)
Fig. 9 Ceramic architected materials with photonic and optical applications. (a) Schematic of the chemical encoding procedure of the inner surfaces of the inverse opal films, (b) SEM image of the inverse opal films,37 (c) Optical images of an inverse opal film in which the word ‘‘W-INK’’ is encoded via the surface chemistry in the film, and (d) Optical images of a film encoded with three bars displaying distinct optical patterns when immersed in the common solvents, water, acetone, and isopropanol (Adapted from Ref. 37 with permission)
Fig. 10 Electrochemical devices and catalytic supports. (a) Schematic of the synthesis of metal nanoparticles embedded in silica porous materials.40 Inset in the bottom shows a TEM image of a nanoparticle partially entrenched into the silica matrix, and (b) Schematic illustration of 3D-structured, electrically conductive TiN nanoshells for biocatalytic CO2-to-formate conversion21 (Adapted from Refs. 21 and 40 with permission)
Fig. 11 Typical geometric defects observed in architected materials with thin-film deposition process. (a-b) Geometric properties variations, and (c-d) Geometric imperfections at nodes and nodal cracks42 (Adapted from Ref. 42 with permission)
Unconventional Additive Manufacturing for Multiscale Ceramic Structures