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비색 종이 센서를 이용한 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치 개발

이기자1,2, 나유리2,3, 이재철3,#orcid

Development of On-site Analytical Device for Hydrogen Sulfide Using Colorimetric Paper Sensor

Gi-Ja Lee1,2, Yoo-Ri Na2,3, Jae-Chul Lee3,#orcid
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2024;41(1):11-18.
Published online: January 1, 2024

1 경희대학교 의공학교실

2 경희대학교 일반대학원 생체의과학협동과정

3 한국생산기술연구원 소재부품융합연구부문

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#E-mail: jc2@kitech.re.kr, TEL: +82-31-8040-6244
• Received: June 21, 2023   • Revised: August 11, 2023   • Accepted: August 17, 2023

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • In this study, a highly sensitive analysis device for hydrogen sulfide that could be used quickly and easily on site was developed using a colorimetric paper sensor. To optimize analysis conditions, tests were performed for each function. Performances of the method using laboratory equipment and tools and the method using the developed device for hydrogen sulfide analysis were compared. The trend line of changes in parameter b of the image acquired by the on-site analytical device for hydrogen sulfide was calculated as y = 0.517x - 0.141 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9874. It was comparable to the method performed at the laboratory level, showing an excellent linearity. Using the calculated trend line as a calibration curve, the detection limit and quantification limit were found to be 2.386 μM and 7.952 μM, respectively. A reproducibility test showed a relative standard deviation of 5.7%, indicating a low dispersion of results.
  • KEYWORDS: Hydrogen sulfide(H2S), Colorimetric paper sensor, Highly sensitive detection, On-site analytical device for hydrogen sulfide
  • KEYWORDS: 황화수소, 비색 종이 센서, 고감도 검출, 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치

σ

Standard Deviation

S

Slope of Calibration Curve

LOD

Limit of Detection

LOQ

Limit of Quantitation
황화수소(Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S)는 무색의 인화성 가스로, 고농도 황화수소는 독성을 가지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 반면에, 저농도 황화수소는 맛과 향에 관련된 식품의 숙성도를 파악하는 유제품의 발효 정도, 육류 및 와인의 숙성도, 그리고 맥주 발효정도 측정에 활용된다[1-4]. 또한 호기 가스에서 검출되는 구강내 황화수소는 구취의 원인으로 알려져 황화수소의 농도 모니터링이 구취의 진단과 정도를 파악하는 데 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 있다[5-7]. 현재 치과병원에서 사용하는 구취 측정 장치인 트윈브리서 II (TWIN BREASOR II, 아이센랩, 대한민국)의 기준에 따르면, 224 ppb(7.5 μM) 이상의 황화수소를 악취로 판정하며 896 ppb(30 μM) 이상에서는 매우 강한 악취로 판정한다.
황화수소 분석 장비에 사용되는 센서는 전기화학식, 광학식, 저항식, 반도체식, 비색식 등으로 개발되어 왔다. 그중 전기화학식, 광학식, 저항식 센서는 선택성 및 감도가 높다는 장점이 있으나, 이를 구동하기 위해서는 복잡한 장치 구성이 필요하여 전체적으로 장비가 크고, 고가라는 단점이 있다[8-11]. 반면에 비색 센서는 가스 반응의 정도에 따라 특정 색상으로 변화하는 특성이 있고, 이러한 특성을 활용한 검출장치는 저렴하고, 장비의 소형화가 용이해 현장형 장비로 활용할 수 있다는 장점이 있다[12,13]. 하지만 저농도 황화수소 분석 장비에서 비색 센서를 활용한 사례는 미비한 상태이고, 특히 현장에서 사용하는 장비에 적용한 사례는 찾아보기 어렵다.
은 나노 프리즘(Silver Nanoprism, Ag NPR)은 독특한 광학적 특성으로 인해 화학 및 바이오센서 분야에 다양하게 활용되고 있다. 특히, 은 나노프리즘의 국소 표면 플라즈몬 공명(Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) 흡수 파장은 은 나노 프리즘의 크기나 형태에 매우 민감하여 가시광선 영역부터 근적외선 영역까지 변화할 수 있기 때문에, 비색 분석의 민감도 향상을 위해 활용되고 있다[14-16]. Ahn 등[15]은 황화수소와 은 나노 프리즘이 반응하면, 염화 이온(Chloride Ion, Cl-)에 의한 은나노 프리즘의 삼각형 모서리 식각(Etching) 효과를 방해하는 원리를 이용하여 1.03-32.9 μM의 황화수소를 검출하였다(가스반응시간 1분). 또한, Jiang 등[16]은 은 나노 프리즘이 코팅된 섬유를 황화수소의 비색 분석에 활용하여 1.25 μM의 검출한계를 확인하였다(가스 반응시간 2 h). 하지만 기존 방법들은 모두 실험실 수준에서 황화수소 검출이 이루어졌다.
본 연구에서는 저농도의 황화수소를 고감도로 검출할 수 있는 현장형 분석 장치를 개발하였다. 해당 장치는 은 나노 프리즘(Silver Nanoprism, Ag NPR) 입자를 이용한 비색 종이 센서를 적용하였다. 비색 종이 센서의 색 변화를 확인하는 데 필요한 기능은 가스 수집, 가스 반응 유도, 염화칼륨(PotassiumChloride, KCl) 용액 주입 및 건조, 이미지 획득이다. 개발된 장치는 가스 수집을 위한 내장형 포집백, 가스 반응을 위한 일정한 유속을 유도하는 소형팬, 일정량의 염화칼륨 용액을 주입하는 탄성체 튜브와 주삿바늘로 이루어진 소형 부품들로 구성되었다. 그리고 개발된 장치의 사용 조건을 최적화하기 위해 조건별 실험을 수행하였다. 최종적으로, 실험실 장비와 도구를 이용하여 황화수소의 농도를 분석하는 방법과, 본 연구에서 개발된 분석 장치를 이용한 현장형 분석 방법의 결과를 비교하여 개발된 분석 장치의 성능을 확인하였다.
2.1 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 설계
현장형 황화수소 분석 장치는 선행 연구[15]에서 개발된 비색 종이 센서를 현장에서 사용할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 개발된 분석 장치는 비색 종이 센서가 배치되고, 비색 종이 센서와 일정한 반응이 유도되도록 장치에 의해 수집한 황화수소 가스가 일정한 유속으로 공급된다. 가스 반응 후 비색 종이 센서에 염화칼륨 용액이 일정량 주입되며, 스마트폰의 카메라를 이용한 이미지 촬영과 분석이 가능하다.
황화수소 분석 장치에 필수적인 기능에 따라서 크게 세 파트-가스 수집부, 가스 검출부, 이미지 획득부-로 구성되었으며, 각각 설치된 부품은 Fig. 1(a)와 같다.
Fig. 1

On-site analytical device for hydrogen sulfide; (a) exploded view and part designation, (b) attachment/detachment of sensor cover using magnet, (c) colorimetric paper sensor and its assembly method

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f001.jpg
먼저, 가스 수집부는 수집백(Collection Bag)과 연결된 손잡이(Handle)로 구성하여 손잡이를 옆으로 밀면 가스가 유입될 수 있도록 하였다. 둘째, 가스 검출부는 비색 종이 센서, 소형팬 하우징, 염화칼륨 용액 주입부로 구성하였다. 비색 종이 센서의 탈부착을 용이하게 하기 위해 소형팬 하우징과 본체를 자석을 이용하여 탈부착되도록 설계하였다(Fig. 1(b)). 황화수소 이동 경로는 3-way 밸브(3-way valve, S11-2-111, Buerkle Inc., USA)를 사용하여 변경되도록 설계하였고, 비색 종이 센서와 가스 반응유도는 소형팬(Mini-fan, D2006V12H 12K, Symbang Inc., 대만)을 활용하였다. 비색 종이 센서에 황화수소를 반응시킨 후 색 변화를 명확하게 하기 위하여, 몰 농도가 1인 염화칼륨 용액 7 μL를 주입하기 위한 주입부가 추가되었다. 마지막으로, 이미지 획득을 위하여 암실이 유지된 공간에 LED (Light Emitting Diode) 조명과 접사렌즈(Macro Lens, APEXEL 100x, APEXEL, 중국)를 위치시켰다. 이를 통해 이미지 획득 시마다 동일 조건의 이미지를 획득할 수 있도록 하였다. 비색 종이 센서의 색 변화 분석을 위한 이미지 촬영은 4,800만 화소 카메라가 탑재되어 있는 삼성 스마트폰 갤럭시 A42 (Smartphone, Galaxy A42, SAMSUNG, 대한민국)를 사용하였다.
비색 종이 센서는 선행 연구에서 사용된 형태를 변형하여 사용하였다. 와트만 필터 종이(Whatman Filter Paper, GE Healthcare Life Science, 미국)에 왁스 프린터(Xerox Color Cube 8570 N Printer, Fuji Xerox, 일본)를 사용하여 외경 8 mm, 내경 6 mm의 왁스 장벽을 인쇄하였다. 그리고 그 중앙에 은 나노프리즘을 코팅하여 비색 종이 센서의 검출부를 제작하였다. 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치에 사용되는 비색 종이 센서는 장치 내 탈부착이 편리하고, 이미지 촬영 시 위치가 일정하도록 설계하였다. 검출영역이 아닌 부분은 사각형 형태이며, 접히는 형태를 구현하여 손잡이의 기능이 가능하도록 설계하였다(Fig. 1(c)).
2.2 실험실형 황화수소 분석
은 나노프리즘이 코팅된 비색 종이 센서를 이용하여 실험실 장비와 도구로 황화수소를 분석하는 방법은 다음과 같다.
농도별 황화수소는 대표적인 황화수소 공여체인 황화나트륨(Sodium Sulfide, Na2S) 표준용액 10 mL를 500 mL 둥근 바닥 플라스크에 넣고 고무마개로 밀폐한 뒤, 20분 후 플라스크에 모인 가스를 주사기로 수집하여 사용하였다(Fig. 2(a)). 이 때, 황화나트륨 표준용액은 pH 7.4 인산염 완충염(Phosphate Buffered Saline, PBS)에 황화나트륨 시약을 각각의 몰 농도로 희석시켜서 제조하였다[17].
Fig. 2

Analysis method for hydrogen sulfide in laboratory using a syringe filter holder, syringe pump, micropipette, and scanner; (a) generation and collection of hydrogen sulfide gas using sodium sulfide standard solution, (b) assembling syringe filter holder and gas reacting using syringe pump, (c) injection of potassium chloride solution using a micropipette, (d) image acquisition using multifunction scanner, (e) color table in CIELAB

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f002.jpg
원형의 비색 종이 센서는 실린지 필터 홀더(Syringe Filter Holder)에 고무 오링(O-ring)을 이용하여 밀폐시켜 준비하였다. 준비된 실린지 필터 홀더는 황화수소 가스가 수집된 실린지와 결합하였고, 이는 실린지 펌프와 체결되었다. 실린지 펌프를 작동시켜 1분 동안 6 mL의 황화수소가 비색 종이 센서와 반응하도록 세팅하였다(Fig. 2(b)).
가스 반응이 완료된 종이 센서에 마이크로피펫(Micropipette)을 이용하여 1 M 염화칼륨 용액을 7 μL 주입하여 색 변화를 발생시켰다(Fig. 2(c)).
주입된 용액을 25분 동안 자연 건조시킨 후에 복합기(Multifunction Printer, Apeos Port C2660, Fuji Xerox, 일본)의 스캐너를 사용하여 이미지를 획득하였다(Fig. 2(d)).
획득된 이미지의 색 분석은 국제조명위원회(International Commission on Illumination, CIE)에서 규정한 L*a*b* 색 표시계의 매개변수 b 값(Parameter b Intensity)을 도출하여 정량적으로 분석하였다.
여기서 CIELAB 색표시계는 Fig. 2(e)와 같이 L*, a*, b* 채널로 구성되어 있으며, 매개변수 b 값은 양의 값으로 갈수록 노란색을, 음의 값으로 갈수록 파란색을 나타낸다[18-20]. 획득된 이미지의 매개변수 b 값을 도출하는 데에는 Image J 소프트웨어(Image J software, NIH, 미국)를 사용하였다.
2.3 현장형 황화수소 분석
본 연구에서 개발한 황화수소 분석 장치를 이용하여 현장에서 황화수소를 분석하는 방법은 다음과 같다.
농도별 황화수소 가스는 실험실 방법과 동일하게 제조하여 수집하였다. 수집된 가스는 개발된 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 어댑터와 연결하고, 3-way 밸브는 수직 방향으로 놓았다. 그리고 수집백(Collection Bag)과 연결된 손잡이(Handle)을 옆으로 밀어 수집백을 팽창시켰다(Fig. 3(a)).
Fig. 3

Flow diagram of hydrogen sulfide gas within on-site analytical device

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f003.jpg
수집백이 팽창되면서 황화수소 가스가 수집백으로 이동하였고, 이때 수집백에 수집된 가스는 20 mL 이상이었다(Fig. 3(b)).
수집백에 황화수소 가스의 수집이 완료된 후에, 3-way 밸브의 방향을 시계방향으로 90도로 회전시켜 수집백 내의 황화수소 가스가 비색 종이 센서로 이동할 수 있도록 가스 유로를 변경시켰다(Fig. 3(c)).
가스 유로가 변경된 다음, 소형팬을 구동시켜 수집백 내의 황화수소 가스를 암실 내에 있는 비색 종이 센서에 통과시켰다. 이 때 황화수소의 유량은 6 mL/min이며, 소형팬의 작동 시간은 1분이었다(Fig. 3(d)).
이렇게 비색 종이 센서의 은 나노프리즘과 황화수소 가스를 반응시킨 후, 색 변화를 유도하기 위해 분석 장치의 용액주입부를 통해 1 M 염화칼륨 용액 7 μL를 주입하였다. 여기서, 염화칼륨 용액이 비색 종이 센서의 검출부에 분주될 수 있도록 주삿바늘을 센서 검출부의 상단 중앙에 위치하도록 재가공하였다. 그리고 미리 준비된 염화칼륨 용액을 탄성체 튜브에 넣어 Fig. 4와 같이 조립하였다. 이를 통해 주입된 염화칼륨 용액은 Fig. 4와 같이 센서의 왁스 방벽으로 인해 센서 검출부를 벗어나지 않았다. 용액 주입 후 3-way 밸브를 시계방향으로 90도 회전시켜 외부 공기가 유입되도록 가스 유로를 변경시켰다. 그리고 소형팬을 작동시켜 외부 공기로 염화칼륨 용액을 건조했다.
Fig. 4

Injection of KCl solution using a solution injection part of on-site analytical device

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f004.jpg
개발된 황화수소 현장형 분석 장치는 이미지 촬영을 위한 암실이 구성되어 있다. 암실로 유입된 황화수소가 비색 종이 센서의 검출부로만 통과하여 외부로 빠져나가도록 설계되어 있으며, 접사렌즈가 있는 방향으로만 투명 아크릴로 밀봉되어 있고, 나머지 부분은 검은색으로 만들어졌다(Fig. 5(a)). 그리고 설치된 LED 조명과 접사렌즈를 통해 비색 종이 센서의 검출 부분을 스마트폰의 카메라로 촬영하였다. 이렇게 스마트폰의 카메라로 획득한 이미지는 Image J 소프트웨어를 이용하여 실험실형 황화수소 분석 방법과 동일하게 분석하였다. 이때 색 분석 영역은 비색 종이 센서 검출부의 내부 직경 4.5 mm 영역으로 제한하였다. 이는 커피링 효과를 최소화하기 위함이다(Fig. 5(b)).
Fig. 5

(a) Image capture configuration within on-site analytical device and (b) image acquisition using a smartphone

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f005.jpg
2.4 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 이미지 획득 시간
실험실 방법에서 스캐너를 이용한 센서의 이미지 획득을 위해서는 염화칼륨 용액을 완전히 건조해야 하는데, 자연건조 방법을 사용하는 경우 상온 20oC, 습도 35%에서 25분 이상의 시간이 요구된다. 이에 비해, 개발된 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치는 염화칼륨 용액이 주입된 직후부터 이미지 획득이 가능할 뿐 아니라 장치 내 소형팬을 가동하면 염화칼륨 용액의 건조 시간을 수분 이내로 단축할 수 있다. 하지만 정확한 분석 결과를 얻기 위해서는 정형화된 시험 규정이 필요하다. 따라서 개발된 현장형 황화수소 검출 장치의 적절한 이미지 획득 시간을 확인하기 위해 비색 종이 센서에 염화칼륨 용액을 주입한 후부터 매분 이미지를 획득하여 색 변화를 관찰하였다.
2.5 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 분석 성능
실험실 방법에서 스캐너를 통해 획득한 이미지와 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치로 획득한 이미지를 비교 분석하여 개발 장치의 성능을 확인하였다. 또한, 산출된 검량선(Linear Regression)을 이용하여 황화수소의 유무를 확인할 수 있는 최소 검출농도인 검출한계(Limit of Detection, LOD)와 신뢰성을 가지는 정량적 측정 결과를 산출할 수 있는 최소 검출농도인 정량한계(Limit of Quantitation, LOQ)를 다음과 같은 식(1)과 식(2)로 확인하였다[21].
(1)
LOD=3×σbl/S
(2)
LOQ=10×σbl/S=3.3×LOD
여기서, σbl는 바탕용액 측정값의 표준편차, S는 검량선의 기울기이다.
그리고 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 반복 시험을 통해 개발 장치의 재현성을 확인하였다. 반복 시험은 본 장치에서 일회용으로 사용되는 수집백 10개를 사용하여 1개의 수집백마다 3회의 반복 실험을 수행하였고, 그 결과를 비교 분석하여 재현성을 평가하였다.
3.1 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 제작
현장형 황화수소 분석 장치는 Fig. 6(a)와 같이 가로 75 mm, 세로 60 mm, 높이 168 mm의 크기로 손으로 쉽게 쥘 수 있게 제작되었고, 제작된 장치의 무게는 약 258 g으로 이동에 용이하다. 또한 장치에 장착되는 비색 종이 센서는 Fig. 6(b)와 같고, 제작된 수집백이 장치에 조립되어 압축과 인장된 모습은 Fig. 6(c)와 같다.
Fig. 6

Fabricated on-site analytical device for hydrogen sulfide; (a) overall shape, (b) colorimetric paper sensor, (c) collection bag mounted on the device (compression and expansion)

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f006.jpg
3.2 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 이미지 획득 시간
현장형 황화수소 검출 장치의 이미지 획득 시간을 확인하기 위해, 황화수소와 반응하지 않은 비색 종이 센서에 1 M 염화칼륨 용액을 7 μL를 주입한 후 1분부터 10분까지 매분에 대한 이미지를 획득하였다. 획득된 이미지를 분석하여 매개변수 b값을 확인하였고, 확인된 값들의 표준 편차(Standard Deviation, S.D.)를 산출하였다. 그 결과, 산출된 표준편차는 1분일 때 2.37, 2분일 때 2.78, 5분부터 10분 사이의 평균 표준편차는 0.35로 나타났다(Fig. 7). 이에 염화칼륨 용액 주입 후 경과 시간이 5분 이후일 때의 매개변수 b값의 표준 편차가 가장 작은 것으로 확인되었다.
Fig. 7

Intensity of parameter b for elapsed time after injecting KCl solution into the colorimetric paper sensor

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f007.jpg
염화칼륨과 반응시킨 후 1분 내 용액상의 이미지는 이후 경과시간에서 획득한 이미지에 비해 비교적 뚜렷한 색이 나타나 민감도가 향상되는 것으로 보였다. 하지만, 용액이 건조되지 않은 상태의 이미지는 빛의 균일한 분산을 방해하여 편차를 높이는 것으로 생각되었다. 따라서 매개변수 b값의 편차가 작은 이미지의 획득을 위해서는 소형팬을 통해 5분 이상 건조한 후에 이미지를 촬영하는 것이 적합하다고 판단되었다.
3.3 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 분석 성능
실험실 방법으로 획득한 이미지와 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치로 획득한 이미지를 분석하여 황화수소 농도별 매개변수 b값을 나타낸 그래프는 Fig. 8과 같다. 여기서 황화수소 농도 범위는 2.1-32.9 μM이며, 황화수소 농도가 증가함에 따라 매개변수 b의 변화량이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 실험실 방법으로 획득한 이미지의 매개변수 b의 변화량 추세선은 y = 0.463x+1.218로 산출되었고, 이때의 결정계수는 0.9816으로 우수한 선형성을 나타냈다. 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치로 획득한 이미지의 매개변수 b의 변화량 추세선은 y = 0.514x-0.065로 산출되었고, 이 때의 결정계수는 0.9892로 실험실 방법과 마찬가지로 우수한 선형성을 나타냈다. 산출된 추세선을 검량선으로 하여 검출한계를 계산하면 실험실 방법은 0.649 μM, 현장형 황화수소 분석장치 방법은 1.226 μM로 0.577 μM의 차이를 보였다. 또한 산출된 추세선을 검량선으로 하여 정량한계를 계산하면 실험실 방법은 2.14 μM, 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치 방법은 4.046 μM로 실험실 방법보다 1.905 μM 더 높았다. 검출한계와 정량한계에 대해서는 실험실 방법이 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치 방법보다 우수하였다. 하지만 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치의 민감도(0.514 매개변수 b 변화량 / μM 황화수소)는 실험실 방법(0.463 매개변수 b 변화량 / μM 황화수소)에 비해 1.11배 높았다. 이는 두 방법에서 황화수소 가스와 종이 센서 간에 직접적인 반응이 일어나는 반응부의 크기 차이에서 기인된 것으로 생각된다. 현장형 분석 장치 방법은 실험실 방법에 비해 반응부가 커서 낮은 농도의 황화수소에 대한 종이 센서의 감응이 다소 감소하였으나 높은 농도에서는 유사한 수준으로 검출하였다.
Fig. 8

Comparison of change in parameter b intensity versus concentration of hydrogen sulfide of the on-site analytical device with that of lab scale analysis (n = 3)

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f008.jpg
따라서, 개발된 황화수소 분석 장치는 현장에서의 사용성을 향상시켰을 뿐 아니라, 미량의 황화수소 농도 분석에 사용될 수 있는 우수한 민감도를 가지며, 적정 수준의 결정계수, 검출한계, 정량한계를 보여주었다.
제작된 10개의 수집백을 각 수집백당 3번씩 16.4 μM 황화수소와 반응시켰을 때, 비색 종이 센서의 색 변화에 대한 매개변수 b의 변화량 평균은 13.58±0.31로 확인되었으며, 이때의 상대 표준편차(Coefficient of Variation, CV)는 5.7%로 결과 데이터의 산포도가 크지 않음을 확인하였다(Fig. 9).
Fig. 9

Change in parameter b intensity of 10 individual collection bag using the on-site analytical device for hydrogen sulfide

KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_f009.jpg
본 연구에서는 비색 종이 센서를 이용하여 고감도 황화수소 검출을 위한 현장형 분석 장치를 개발하였다. 개발 장치의 주요기능은 염화칼륨 용액 주입 및 건조, 가스 수집, 가스 반응 유도, 그리고 가스 반응된 비색 종이 센서의 이미지 획득이다. 개발장치의 기능별 평가를 진행하여 각 기능의 적합 조건을 확인하였고, 적합 조건을 적용한 개발 장치를 사용하여 황화수소 농도가 현장에서 바로 분석될 수 있음을 확인하였다.
개발된 장치는 장소에 구애받지 않고 현장에서 바로 사용할 수 있도록 소형화하였으며, 가스 수집부터 분석까지 하나의 장치에서 구현되도록 하였다. 이를 통해 일정한 염화칼륨 용액 주입과 동일한 조건의 이미지 획득, 그리고 이미지 획득 시간의 단축을 이루었다. 사용 적합 조건에 따라 개발 장치로 농도별 황화수소 반응을 통한 민감도를 확인하였고, 황화수소의 농도를 나타내는 매개변수 b의 변화량에 대한 황화수소 농도를 나타내는 추세선을 산출하였다. 선형성을 보이는 황화수소 농도 범위는 구취판정을 위해 요구되는 황화수소 농도를 포함하므로 임상현장에 적용 가능할 것으로 판단하였다. 또한, 재현성 실험에서는 일정한 황화수소 농도에 대해 매개변수 b 변화량의 상대 표준 편차가 5.7%를 나타내어 개발 장치의 재현성을 확인하였다.
본 연구에서는 개발한 현장형 황화수소 분석 장치를 스마트폰과 연계하여 이미지를 획득하였으나, 이미지 분석은 스마트폰이 아닌 컴퓨터 소프트웨어를 이용해 진행되었다. 현장에서 바로 적용하기 위해서는 이미지를 획득한 스마트폰에서 바로 색 변화 분석이 가능한 애플리케이션을 통해 분석이 진행되어야 하므로 관련 연구는 다음 연구에서 진행될 예정이다.
본 연구는 정부(과학기술정보통신부, 산업통상자원부, 보건복지부, 식품의약품안전처)의 재원으로 범부처전주기의료기기개발사업단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(Nos. 1711174359, RS-2020-KD000023).
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Gi-Ja Lee
KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_bf001.jpg
Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University. Her research interests are nano-biosensors, chemical and gas sensors, gasotransmitter, and in vitro medical device.
Yoo-Ri Na
KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_bf002.jpg
B. Eng. candidate in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University and Student Research Assistant in the Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH). Her research interest is biomedical engineering.
Jae-Chul Lee
KSPE_2024_v41n1_11_bf003.jpg
Senior Researcher in the Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH). His research interests are mechanical design, composites, and numerical analysis.

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Development of On-site Analytical Device for Hydrogen Sulfide Using Colorimetric Paper Sensor
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2024;41(1):11-18.   Published online January 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.072
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Development of On-site Analytical Device for Hydrogen Sulfide Using Colorimetric Paper Sensor
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2024;41(1):11-18.   Published online January 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.023.072
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Development of On-site Analytical Device for Hydrogen Sulfide Using Colorimetric Paper Sensor
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 On-site analytical device for hydrogen sulfide; (a) exploded view and part designation, (b) attachment/detachment of sensor cover using magnet, (c) colorimetric paper sensor and its assembly method
Fig. 2 Analysis method for hydrogen sulfide in laboratory using a syringe filter holder, syringe pump, micropipette, and scanner; (a) generation and collection of hydrogen sulfide gas using sodium sulfide standard solution, (b) assembling syringe filter holder and gas reacting using syringe pump, (c) injection of potassium chloride solution using a micropipette, (d) image acquisition using multifunction scanner, (e) color table in CIELAB
Fig. 3 Flow diagram of hydrogen sulfide gas within on-site analytical device
Fig. 4 Injection of KCl solution using a solution injection part of on-site analytical device
Fig. 5 (a) Image capture configuration within on-site analytical device and (b) image acquisition using a smartphone
Fig. 6 Fabricated on-site analytical device for hydrogen sulfide; (a) overall shape, (b) colorimetric paper sensor, (c) collection bag mounted on the device (compression and expansion)
Fig. 7 Intensity of parameter b for elapsed time after injecting KCl solution into the colorimetric paper sensor
Fig. 8 Comparison of change in parameter b intensity versus concentration of hydrogen sulfide of the on-site analytical device with that of lab scale analysis (n = 3)
Fig. 9 Change in parameter b intensity of 10 individual collection bag using the on-site analytical device for hydrogen sulfide

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Development of On-site Analytical Device for Hydrogen Sulfide Using Colorimetric Paper Sensor
JKSPE : Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering

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