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하이퍼루프 초전도 전자석과 진공튜브 연결부 사이에 발생하는 자기 저항력 특성 연구

Characteristics of Magnetic Drag Forces near Vacuum Tube Junctions for Hyperloop Using HTS Magnets

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2024;41(5):395-399.
Published online: May 1, 2024

1 한국교통대학교 철도운전시스템공학과

2 한국철도기술연구원 하이퍼튜브연구실

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#E-mail: suchoi@krri.re.kr, TEL: +82-31-460-5735
• Received: January 4, 2024   • Revised: February 15, 2024   • Accepted: February 19, 2024

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • The hyperloop is a revolutionary form of ground transportation that can reach speeds of up to 1,200 km/h. However, there is a challenge with the superconducting electromagnets used in its propulsion and levitation systems. These magnets generate strong magnetic fields, which can create resistance when they interact with the surrounding structures, including the vacuum tubes. Therefore, it is important to study this magnetic resistance and understand how it affects the acceleration of the hyperloop vehicles. This research aims to analyze the changes in magnetic drag force near the junctions of vacuum tubes, particularly when these tubes are made of identical or different materials.
최근 차세대 지상 교통수단으로 1/1,000 기압 수준의 진공튜브에서 음속에 가까운 최대 1,200 km/h의 속도를 내는 하이퍼루프에 관한 관심이 지속되고 있다[1-9]. 일반적으로 하이퍼루프는 진공에 가까운 주행환경을 조성하여 공력 저항을 크게 낮춰 지상 교통수단의 속도한계를 극복한다. 그리고, 전자기 추진 및 부상 시스템으로 주행체를 자기 부상하여 최대 속도까지 가속 주행한다. 또한, 추진/부상 시스템에 고자장 초전도 전자석을 활용하면, 고속에서의 추진성능을 상당히 높일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 자기부상 공극 증가로 진공튜브 등을 포함한 인프라 건설 비용 저감을 기대할 수 있다. 초전도 전자석이 탑재된 하이퍼루프 주행체는 공간을 빠르게 이동하는 고자장을 형상하며, 전도성을 지닌 지상의 구조물과 반응하면 주행체의 이동을 막는 자기저항(또는 자기주행저항)을 발생한다. 특히, 주행체를 둘러싼 진공튜브는 튜브의 재질에 따라 무시할 수 없는 수준의 자기저항을 발생하기도 한다. 진공튜브에 가장 적합한 재질로는 높은 진공 기밀성을 보이는 강자성체 특성을 가지는 강재를 들 수 있으며[10,11], 비자성체 고망간강이 적용된 진공튜브의 적용에 대한 검토와 강재 튜브에 비해 낮은 건설 비용의 고밀도 콘크리트튜브[12]에 관한 연구도 진행되고 있는 상황이다. 기존 연구에서는 강재 및 고망간재 튜브로 인해 발생하는 자기저항을 다양한 주행 조건에서 분석하였고[13], 저속구간에서 일시적으로 발생하는 최대 자기저항은 추진성능의 25% 수준 이내로 설계하였다.
본 연구는 하이퍼루프 상용화를 위한 기초연구 중 하나로 진공튜브 연결부 부근에서 발생하는 자기저항 특성에 대한 분석을 목표로 한다. 진공튜브는 무한히 연속하게 제작할 수 없고, 제작 및 이송, 그리고 열팽창 등의 요인을 고려하면 수십 미터 길이로 제작된 진공튜브를 연결하여 구성하게 된다. 이때, 진공튜브 연결부는 접촉부의 전기저항이 커지거나 일정 거리만큼 이격되어 절연될 수 있으며, 연결부 주변의 와전류 흐름 변화로 자기저항이 일시적으로 변할 수 있다. 또한, 저속에서의 강재튜브 흡입력은 시스템의 부상/안내 강성을 떨어뜨리기 때문에, 저속에는 고망간재를 적용하고 고속에서는 비교적 저렴한 강재튜브를 적용하는 방식도 생각할 수 있다. 이처럼 연결부에서 진공튜브 재질이 변하는 상황에서의 자기저항의 순간적인 변화도 함께 분석하여 연결부에서의 자기저항 변화로 인한 영향에 대해 분석하도록 한다.
Fig. 1 은 상온 초전도 전자석을 이용하는 하이퍼루프 시스템 개념도를 나타낸다. 앞서 소개한 것과 같이 주행체는 진공튜브 내부를 주행하며, 주행체에 장착된 상온 초전도 전자석은 튜브 인프라의 지상전자레일과 상호작용하여 자기부상 및 추진을 달성한다. 진공튜브 연결부에서의 자기저항 변화를 분석하기 위해 상용 유한요소해석 소프트웨어 Simens MAGNET을 활용하였다. 각 요소들의 파라미터는 현재까지 정리된 상용화 모델[13]을 기준으로 설정했고, 이는 진공튜브 두께 100 mm, 직경 3,600 mm, 초전도 전자석과 튜브 사이 거리 750 mm 이다. 또한 이 논문에서 새롭게 소개되는 내용인 연결부에서 진공튜브간 이격거리는 20 mm 으로 설정하였다. 전자기 해석에 사용한 튜브 재질은 Fig. 2의 자화곡선을 갖는 AISI 1010 Steel을 적용하였고, 비저항은 1.7 × 10-7 Ω·m 값을 적용하였다.
Fig. 1

Conceptual configuration of hyperloop using high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets

KSPE_2024_v41n5_395_f001.jpg
Fig. 2

Relative permeabilities and magnetic flux densities of AISI 1010 steels used in this manuscript [13] (Adapted from Ref. 13 on the basis of OA)

KSPE_2024_v41n5_395_f002.jpg
또한, 고망간재 튜브는 상대 투자율 1에 비저항은 7.0 × 10-7Ω·m의 재질을 사용하였다. Fig. 3 는 초전도 전자석이 진공튜브 연결부 부근에 위치했을 때의 FEA 해석 메시를 보여주며, 주변의 메시는 보이지 않도록 생략하였다.
Fig. 3

3D FEA simulation models of vacuum steel tubes with the tube junction air-gap of 20 mm

KSPE_2024_v41n5_395_f003.jpg
2극으로 구성된 2개의 초전도 전자석 모듈에 대한 주행저항 해석 속도 향상을 위해 1/4 모델을 사용하여 진행하였다. 이 논문에서 다루는 시뮬레이션 결과들은 주행체 양쪽에 초전도 전자석을 각 6극씩 배치하는 하이퍼루프 시스템을 기준으로 주행 저항 해석 결과를 논의하며, 이러한 경우 진공튜브로 인한 전체 초전도 전자석의 자기저항은 Fig. 3 해석 결과의 12배가 된다. Table 1은 하이퍼루프 초전도 전자석의 상용화 목표 파라미터를 정리한 것이며, 이 파라미터들을 적용하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다.
Table 1

Main parameters of HTS magnets for hyperloop [13] (Adapted from Ref. 13 on the basis of OA)

Table 1
Parameters Values
Magnetomotive force per pole [kAT] 600
Dimension of coils [mm × mm] 600 × 300
Pole Pitch [mm] 1,200
Operating temperature [K] 30-40
2.1 강재 진공튜브 연결부에서의 자기저항 변화
앞서 소개한 AISI 1010 강재로 구성된 진공튜브를 20 mm의 이격거리로 연결하였을 때, 연결부 부근에서 초전도 전자석과 튜브 사이에 발생하는 주행저항의 변화에 대한 해석을 진행하였다.
Fig. 4에는 초전도 전자석이 연결부 부근을 지나갈 때, 진공튜브의 자기 밀도가 시각화되어 있다. 초전도 전자석에서 발생하는 자기장이 매우 강하기 때문에, 초전도 전자석 자극 위치에 따라 진공튜브 자기장 패턴이 정해진 것이 확인된다. 튜브 연결부 부근의 자기 밀도는 약간의 감소가 있지만, 자기 밀도 크기와 분포 측면에서는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다.
Fig. 4

Simulation results of magnetic flux densities on vacuum steel tubes with the junction air-gap of 20 mm

KSPE_2024_v41n5_395_f004.jpg
Fig. 5에서는 주행속도를 200-1,200 km/h까지 변화하면서 초전도 전자석이 연결부를 지나도록 했을 때, 자기저항의 과도응답을 보여준다. 200 km/h 이상으로 주행속도를 올리면, 강재튜브로 인한 자기저항이 감소하는 경향은 기존 연구[13]에서 이미 확인된 바 있으며, 해석 결과에서도 동일한 경향이 확인되었다.
Fig. 5

Simulation results of magnetic drag forces on the AISI 1010 steel tube junction corresponding to various velocities

KSPE_2024_v41n5_395_f005.jpg
여기서 Fig. 5x축은 초전도 전자석의 중심 위치이고, 진공튜브 연결부는 대략 x = 7 m 부근에 위치하였다. 자기저항은 예상한 것과 같이 연결부 부근에서 일정 수준의 변화가 발생하였으며, 일시적인 주행저항의 약간 감소→증가→감소→약간 증가의 정현파 패턴의 변화가 관찰되었다. 이러한 현상은 연결부에서의 절연으로 인해 와전류 패턴이 일시적으로 변화한 것과 초전도 전자석 극 위치에 따라 추가적인 흡인력이 진행 방향 또는 진행 반대 방향으로 발생했기 때문이다. 특히 상대적으로 낮은 속도에서는 주행저항을 일시적으로 감소하는 경향이 관찰되었다.
주행저항의 일시적인 증가 및 감소의 최댓값은 2-3 kN으로 전도성 진공튜브와 EDS 자기부상코일로 인해 발생하는 평균 10 kN 저항력에 대한 비율로는 20-30%로 상대적으로 크게 보이나, 하이퍼루프 시스템의 설계 추진력인 44 kN에 비하면 작은 값으로 시스템 레벨에서의 영향은 제한적일 것으로 판단된다[13].
다만, 수 kN의 정현파 주행저항 파동이 연결부로 인해 연속 발생하는 경우 승차감에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문에, 진공튜브 길이와 그 구간에서의 주행속도를 비교하여 주행 시 공진이 발생하지 않도록 주의할 필요가 있다.
2.2 강재/고망간 진공튜브 연결부에서의 자기저항 변화
저속에서는 고망간재 진공튜브를 적용하고, 고속에서는 상대적으로 저렴한 강재 튜브를 적용하는 방식에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 이런 방식에서 속도를 가속하는 경우 진공튜브 재질은 고망간재에서 강재로 변화하고, 속도를 감속하는 경우는 강재에서 고망간재로 변화하며, 이 두 경우를 모두 고려하여 해석할 필요가 있다. 진공튜브 재질이 변하는 속도는 300 km/h로 설정하였으며, 연결부에서 발생하는 일시적인 자기저항 변화는 Fig. 6에서 보여주고 있다.
Fig. 6

Simulation results of magnetic drag forces on the tube junction with AISI 1010 and Hi-Mn steel tubes

KSPE_2024_v41n5_395_f006.jpg
기존 연구 결과와 같이 속도 300 km/h에서의 자기저항은 고망간재가 강재보다 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 먼저, 파란색 선은 고망간재에서 강재 진공튜브로 진입할 때를 나타내며, 연결부에서 일시적으로 자기저항이 상당히 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 강자성인 강재튜브에서 발생하는 흡인력으로 인해 진행방향으로 당겨지는 힘이 추가로 발생한 결과이다. 주황색 선은 강재에서 고망간재 튜브로 진입할 때를 보여주는데, 이때는 반대로 자기저항이 일시적으로 상당히 증가하며, 강재 진공튜브의 흡인력이 주행체를 뒤로 당겨서 발생하는 현상이다. 다만, 이런 자기저항의 패턴은 단발성으로 발생하고, 그 크기도 추진력, 부상/안내력에 비하면 작은 값이기 때문에 주행체의 안정성이나 승차감에 주는 영향도 제한적일 것으로 보인다.
초전도 전자석이 적용된 하이퍼루프에서 진공튜브 연결부 부근에서 발생하는 자기 주행저항에 대한 분석을 진행하였다. 강재 진공튜브가 연속적으로 배치된 경우 연결부 부근에서의 자기저항 변화를 분석한 결과 수 kN 단위의 저항력 파동이 관찰되었고, 승차감 측면에서 주행속도와 진공튜브 길이 등을 고려한 설계가 필요할 것이다. 또한, 진공튜브에 발생하는 와전류는 부상/안내력에 부가적인 영향을 주며, 연결부로 인한 주기적인 부상/안내력 파동이 주행 안정성에 주는 영향도를 추가 분석할 필요가 있다. 그뿐만 아니라, AISI 1010 강재 및 고망간재 진공튜브 연결부에서의 자기저항도 분석하였으며, 강재튜브에서 발생하는 흡인력으로 인해 자기저항이 진공튜브 재질 변화에 따라 추가적으로 증가하거나 감소하는 현상이 관찰되었다. 하지만, 이런 재질변화는 특정 속도 구간에서 단발성으로 발생하기 때문에 전체 시스템에 대한 영향은 제한적일 것으로 보인다.
이 논문은 2023년도 한국교통대학교 교내학술연구비 및 정부(국토교통부)의 재원으로 국토교통과학기술 진흥원의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(No. RS-2021-KA164547, 철도시설물 전력 설비 배전 선로에 대한 무전원·무선 안전 감시 기술 개발).
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Jungyoul Lim
KSPE_2024_v41n5_395_bf001.jpg
Professor in the School of Railroad Operation System Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation. His research interests are mechatronics, magnetic levitations, and Hyperloop.
E-mail: jlim@ut.ac.kr
Suyong Choi
KSPE_2024_v41n5_395_bf002.jpg
Senior Researcher in Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI). His research interests are electric machines, wireless power transfer, power systems, and Hyperloop.

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Characteristics of Magnetic Drag Forces near Vacuum Tube Junctions for Hyperloop Using HTS Magnets
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2024;41(5):395-399.   Published online May 1, 2024
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Characteristics of Magnetic Drag Forces near Vacuum Tube Junctions for Hyperloop Using HTS Magnets
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2024;41(5):395-399.   Published online May 1, 2024
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Characteristics of Magnetic Drag Forces near Vacuum Tube Junctions for Hyperloop Using HTS Magnets
Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Conceptual configuration of hyperloop using high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets
Fig. 2 Relative permeabilities and magnetic flux densities of AISI 1010 steels used in this manuscript [13] (Adapted from Ref. 13 on the basis of OA)
Fig. 3 3D FEA simulation models of vacuum steel tubes with the tube junction air-gap of 20 mm
Fig. 4 Simulation results of magnetic flux densities on vacuum steel tubes with the junction air-gap of 20 mm
Fig. 5 Simulation results of magnetic drag forces on the AISI 1010 steel tube junction corresponding to various velocities
Fig. 6 Simulation results of magnetic drag forces on the tube junction with AISI 1010 and Hi-Mn steel tubes
Characteristics of Magnetic Drag Forces near Vacuum Tube Junctions for Hyperloop Using HTS Magnets
Parameters Values
Magnetomotive force per pole [kAT] 600
Dimension of coils [mm × mm] 600 × 300
Pole Pitch [mm] 1,200
Operating temperature [K] 30-40
Table 1 Main parameters of HTS magnets for hyperloop [13] (Adapted from Ref. 13 on the basis of OA)