Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering

Model-based Hysteresis and Cross-coupling Compensation for Precision Control of Piezoelectric Fast Steering Mirror: Hyo Geon Lee, Jae Woo Jung, Sang Won Jung, Jae Hyun Kim, Seonbin Lim, Youngjin Park, Jaehyun Lim, Kijun Seong, Daehee Lee, Seunggu Kang, No-Cheol Park, Jun Young Yoon; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2026;43(2):139-149.
Published online February 1, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.091

Abstract
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This paper presents model-based hysteresis and cross-coupling compensators designed for precise control of a piezoelectric fast steering mirror (FSM). The hysteresis compensators are developed by inversely modeling the variation in the force constant relative to various excitation voltages, enabling the system to maintain linear response characteristics across a broad range of input amplitudes. The cross-coupling compensator is formulated by creating a decoupling matrix that cancels out coupling effects, generating signals of equal magnitude and opposite phase for each axis. The implementation of these compensators reduces the hysteresis band and magnitude uncertainty in the FSM dynamics by over 89.6% and 74.2%, respectively, while also significantly suppressing cross-coupling effects by more than 85.5%. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed compensators is validated in a closed-loop control system, demonstrating a notable reduction in cross-axis vibrations and improved tracking performance in response to step reference inputs and highfrequency sinusoidal trajectories.

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Design and Performance Test of Fast Steering Mirror: Byoung Ju Lee, Yong Hoon Lee, Hyeong Rae Kim, Ye Eun Bae, Sang Uk Nam, Jae Woo Jung, Sang Won Jung, Young Jin Park, Jun Young Yoon, No Cheol Park, Seoung Han Lee; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2025;42(11):927-936.
Published online November 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.070

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Currently, advanced countries such as the US and the UK are researching laser-based weapons and communication systems. The application of Fast Steering Mirror (FSM) is crucial in laser systems to control internal optical paths and compensate for disturbances, including atmospheric fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. Additionally, research is underway to enhance image clarity in surveillance and reconnaissance systems, such as Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) systems, by applying FSM technology. Consequently, the demand for FSMs is rising, necessitating the development of small, lightweight, and high-performance solutions. In this study, we designed a compact and lightweight FSM with a diameter of 25 mm, and its performance was validated through rigorous testing. Furthermore, we developed a piezoelectric actuator using single crystal piezoelectric material to ensure a wide operating bandwidth and rapid response speed for the FSM. Before manufacturing the designed FSM, we conducted modeling and simulation (M&S) to analyze its performance and confirm that it met the required specifications. Subsequently, a prototype of the FSM was produced, and its operating range, bandwidth, and accuracy were evaluated through performance tests.

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Study on Hysteretic Characteristics of Piezoelectric Fast Steering Mirror in Frequency Response: Sang Won Jung, Hyo Geon Lee, Jae Woo Jung, Jae Hyun Kim, Seonbin Lim, Youngjin Park, Onemook Kim, Jaehyun Lim, Kijun Seong, Daehee Lee, Minjae Ko, No-Cheol Park, Jun Young Yoon; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2024;41(11):913-920.
Published online November 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.024.116

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Nonlinear hysteresis effects in piezoelectric fast steering mirrors (FSMs) are major culprits of deteriorating the servo performance and reducing the robustness of a control system. In order to compensate for such nonlinearities, this paper presents an identification and compensation method of piezoelectric hysteresis using frequency response measurements. The relationship between hysteresis curves and frequency response was analyzed using various amplitudes of input voltage and measured output displacements. Results proved that hysteresis curves could be reconstructed based on frequency response measurements. By utilizing an inverse function from reconstructed hysteresis curves, parameters for the compensation model were identified. Experimental results showed that the maximum range of output displacement at the nominal position due to hysteresis was significantly decreased by 76% when the hysteresis model identified by the proposed frequency-domain method was used. In addition, the compensated frequency response showed consistent results regardless of input amplitudes, implying that linear dynamics of the piezoelectric FSM could be separately measured.

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Model-based Hysteresis and Cross-coupling Compensation for Precision Control of Piezoelectric Fast Steering Mirror
Hyo Geon Lee, Jae Woo Jung, Sang Won Jung, Jae Hyun Kim, Seonbin Lim, Youngjin Park, Jaehyun Lim, Kijun Seong, Daehee Lee, Seunggu Kang, No-Cheol Park, Jun Young Yoon
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2026; 43(2): 139. CrossRef

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Dynamic Model of Fast Steering Mirror based on Piezoelectric Actuator: Yongsu Park, Geemin Lee, Dae Gyu Choi; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2024;41(8):647-651.
Published online August 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.024.050

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The fast steering mirror is now being used in industries beyond precision processing, such as space and defense. The piezoelectric fast steering mirror (PFSM), which utilizes a piezoelectric actuator, is particularly suitable for these industries as they often require devices like electro-optic devices to withstand external vibrations and impacts. While the PFSM has inherent high stiffness, its complex structure makes it difficult to control. To address this, an accurate dynamic model is necessary. In this paper, we derived a dynamic model for the PFSM using a two-inertial system model that takes into account its structural characteristics. This dynamic model consists of both a mechanical system model and an electrical system model. We measured the frequency response function from electrical input to mechanical output and compared it with the derived frequency response model to verify its accuracy. The derived model can be used not only for control design, but also for instrument design and interpretation.

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Development of Moving Mirror Assembly in the Spectroscopic Sensor for Remote Gas Monitoring: Hyo-Wook Bae, Hankee Jang, Do-Hyun Park, Ho-Sang Kim; J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng. 2021;38(8):581-587.
Published online August 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.021.025

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Spectroscopic sensors have been used in the field of optics and chemical analysis, and the need for remote gas monitoring in a portable form has increased. Hence, it is essential to design, manufacture, and develop a moving mirror, which that can generate the optical path difference for spectroscopic sensor. It is important to verify whether it can satisfy design requirements for the actual spectroscopic interferometer application by evaluating its performance. In this paper, a moving mirror assembly with high-speed transfer capability for a portable spectroscopic sensor is fabricated and tested. For application to a portable spectrometer, design requirements, such as moving distance, speed, and stiffness, are set and the mechanical structure, including the voice coil motor and elastic guide, satisfying these requirements is proposed. Through finite element analysis, performance of the proposed moving mirror assembly is predicted. By testing the performance after fabrication, it is verified that the proposed mirror is capable of linear movement with travel distance of several millimeters and moving speed of tens of Hz. Optical testing result shows that the proposed moving mirror can generate linear motion with a tilting error below 10 arcsecond and can be applied to the actual spectroscopic interferometer in future.

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Simulation Study on Line-of-sight Stabilization Controller Design for Portable Optical Systems
Jae Woo Jung, Sang Won Jung, Jae Hyun Kim, Seonbin Lim, Youngjin Park, Onemook Kim, Jaehyun Lim, Jae Ho Jin, No-Cheol Park, Jun Young Yoon
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2025; 42(2): 175. CrossRef
Power Consumption Analysis and Optimal Operation Method of Wireless Multi-sensor Module
Hyun Sik Son, Duck-Keun Kim, Kwang Eun Ko, Seung-Hwan Yang
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2025; 42(10): 843. CrossRef
Structural Design of Fast Steering Mirror with Reluctance Actuator
Onemook Kim, Seonbin Lim, Jaewoo Jung, Sangwon Jung, Jaehyun Kim, Bomin Kang, Junyoung Yoon, Seounghan Lee, Byoungju Lee, Yonghoon Lee, Hyeongrae Kim, No-cheol Park
Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering.2024; 34(3): 330. CrossRef
Design optimization of a flexure spring used in small-sized ultra-precise optical instrument
Jin Kim, Dong-Chan Lee, Ho-Sang Kim
Heliyon.2023; 9(12): e22560. CrossRef
Development of piezoelectric fast steering mirror with tilt error compensation for portable spectroscopic sensor
Ho-Sang Kim, Kyoung Don Lee, Chan-Hee Lee, Won-Gi Lee
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture.2023; 237(12): 1847. CrossRef