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트랜스퍼 감속기용 구동기어의 최적 설계에 관한 연구

송명진1, 김명호2, 진진1, 김동선1, 전남술3, 류성기1,#orcid

A Study on the Optimal Design of Drive Gear for Transfer Gearbox

MyeongJin Song1, MyeongHo Kim2, Zhen Qin1, DongSeon Kim1, NamSool Jeon3, SungKi Lyu1,#orcid
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2019;36(2):121-126.
Published online: February 1, 2019

1 경상대학교 대학원 기계항공공학부, 항공연

2 경상대학교 대학원 융합기계공학과

3 ㈜금화테크 기술연구소

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#Email: sklyu@gnu.ac.kr, TEL: +82-55-772-1632
• Received: December 1, 2018   • Revised: December 12, 2018   • Accepted: December 19, 2018

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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기어는 회전이나 동력을 전달하는 전동장치에서 속도비의 정확성과 동력전달효율이 우수한 기계요소 부품으로서 자동차, 산업기계, 항공기 및 공작기계 분야에서 일반적으로 많이 사용되고 있다.
기어는 적용되는 동력전달시스템에 따라 요구되는 제원이 달라지며, 최근 에너지 절약, 환경개선 등의 이유로 기어의 전반적인 성능개선에 대한 요구가 커지고 있는 실정이다. 최근 정밀 기계 산업 분야의 관심도가 증가할수록 동력을 전달하는 정밀 기어 시스템에 대한 관심도 또한 증가하고 있다. 이는 전동장치인 기어의 수명과 성능이 소음과 진동에 따라 큰 영향을 받기 때문이다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 보다 정밀한 기어 설계가 필요하므로 기어의 지오메트리 치형설계에 관한 연구를 많이 수행하고 있다.1-5
기어설계의 기본은 지오메트리 치형 설계이며, 치형 설계가 되지 않은 기어는 맞물림 구동 시 기어 치면에 불균일한 하중의 문제를 야기시킨다. 이로 인한 문제는 기어간의 충돌과 엇맞물림을 발생시키는 원인이 되며, 기어 치면의 방향과 축 방향에 부하가 걸리기 때문에 구동장치의 전체에 걸처 결함을 초래할 수 있으므로 정밀 기어 설계 기술개발의 관심과 연구가 진행되고 있는 상황이다.6
최근 기어의 진동과 소음의 최소화를 위해 다양한 연구들이 많이 진행되고 있으며, 특히 소음 및 진동의 주요 원인인 전달오차를 정확히 측정하고 최소화시키는 연구가 주를 이루고 있다. 특히 치형 최적화를 위해 실제 모델을 통한 기어 지오메트리 수정으로 전달오차의 최소화 및 최적화 작업은 시간과 비용 측면에서 비효율적이다. 효율적인 최적화 작업을 위해 시뮬레이션 모델을 이용하여 지오메트리 최적화 작업을 수행하고, 기어 치형 설계 최적화를 이룰 수 있다.7,8
본 논문에서는 중간변속기의 구동기어인 헬리컬 기어 치형 지오메트리를 최적 설계를 위하여 기어설계 프로그램인 Romax Designer를 이용하여 시뮬레이션 후 기어의 치형을 반복, 수정하여 하중분포를 최적화하고 전달오차를 최소화하여 최적 설계를 하였다. 그리고 최적설계한 헬리컬 기어를 제작하여 기어의 정밀도를 측정하여 고찰하였다.
헬리컬 형태의 입력 기어와 출력 기어의 안정성을 증대시키기 위하여 기어설계 프로그램인 Romax Designer를 사용하여 기어 모델링 및 구조해석을 수행하였다. 입력 모터의 조건은 회전수 500 rpm 토크 100 Nm를 적용하였으며, 그에 따른 출력 기어의 동력은 회전수 182.92 rpm, 토크 273 Nm로 나타났다. Fig. 1은 해석을 위한 기어 쌍의 모델링을 나타낸 것이며, Fig. 2는 두 기어의 맞물린 형상 단면을 나타낸 것이다. 기어 강도 계산결과 안전계수는 Fig. 3과 같이 나타났다.
Fig. 1

3D modeling of helical drive gear set

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f001.jpg
Fig. 2

Gear meshing of helical drive gear set

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f002.jpg
Fig. 3

Safety factor of drive gear set

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f003.jpg
기어의 최적화 설계 방법은 매크로 지오메트리와 마이크로 지오메트리의 2가지 수정법으로 분류된다.9,10 기어의 매크로 지오메트리란 기본적인 기어의 기본 잇수, 직경, 압력각을 수정하고 변형하여 기어를 최적화시켜 성능을 향상시킬 수 있으나 기어 제작 비용이 많이 소요된다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 반면 마이크로 지오메트리는 설계차원에서 기어 치면의 윤곽을 미세하게 윤곽을 최적화함으로써 기어 시스템을 향상시키고 제작 단가에 영향을 미치지 않는다는 장점을 가지고 있다.
본 논문에서는 기어 최적화 설계를 수행함에 있어, 최소한의 수정을 하는 마이크로 지오메트리 수정법을 선택하여 설계하였다. 마이크로 지오메트리 수정법은 기어 이의 프로파일 방향의 가공 및 리드 방향의 가공으로 기존의 치면을 윤곽을 미세하게 제거하고 새로운 기어 이의 치면을 생성한다.
기어 이의 끝에서 응력집중이 발생되고 기어의 치면에서 발생한 마모와 마찰은 소음의 원인이 될 수 있다. 프로파일 방향의 치형 수정은 치 끝의 접촉을 최소화하고 동적진동을 감소시킬 수 있다. 리드 수정의 경우 기어 치면적을 조절하여 치면에 하중이 불균일하게 분포되는 것을 방지하고 기어 축의 뒤틀림 방지 효과를 가져올 수 있다. Fig. 4는 일반적인 프로파일 및 리드 방향의 수정 방법들을 나타낸 것이다.
Fig. 4

Gear modification types

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f004.jpg
최적화를 하기 전에 먼저 기초모델에 대해 Contact Analysis를 진행한다, 결과는 Fig. 5와 같이 응력이 기어의 한쪽으로 집중되어 있다. 기어끝단 부분이 제일 취약하게 되고 이는 쉽게 부러지게 만든다. 따라서 최대응력이 기어이의 중심부로 이동시키는 최적설계를 진행해야 한다.
Fig. 5

Load distribution on meshing gear surface before micro geometry modification

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f005.jpg
설계 진행은 Micro Geometry 수정을 통하여 반복적인 치수 변경으로 결과를 확인해서 최적의 치수를 확인하였다. 수정후의 최적화되는 Gear Flank Form은 Fig. 6과 같이 나타났다. Input Gear의 리드수정은 크라운 3 μm 만큼 수정하였고, 인벌루트 수정량은 바렐링 3 μm, 슬로프 2 μm 만큼 수정하였다. Output Gear의 리드수정은 슬로프 3 μm 만큼 수정하였고, 인벌루트 수정량은 바렐링 2 μm, 슬로프 1 μm 만큼 수정하였다.
Fig. 6

Gear flank form after modification

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f006.jpg
최적화 이후의 응력분포는 Fig. 7과 같이 최대응력이 기어의 중심부로 이동한 것을 확인 할 수 있다. 기어의 끝부분의 응력은 0에 가깝게 나타나고, 응력은 중심에서 끝단까지 균등하게 줄어드는 것을 볼 수 있다.
Fig. 7

Load distribution on meshing gear surface after micro geometry modification

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f007.jpg
헬리컬 기어의 최적 설계를 위해 고강도 기어강 소재인 SCM420H를 사용하여 기어를 제작하였으며, 소재를 국부 가열하여 1차 성형 후 연속적으로 2차 성형을 수행하여 제품을 제작하였다. 기어의 표면경화처리는 침탄 열처리를 하였다. 기어 정밀도 측정은 Osaka Seimitsu Kikai사 기어측정기를 사용하여 측정하였다.
제작한 구동장치 헬리컬 기어(Helical Gear)의 기본 사양은 모듈 1.9 mm, 압력각 18°, 잇수 41개이다. 헬리컬 기어의 정밀도는 기어의 회전 중심을 측정기준으로 1, 12, 22, 32 번째 이에 대하여 좌우 양쪽 치면을 측정하였다.
헬리컬 기어의 형상을 Fig. 8에 나타냈다. 그리고 기어소재로 사용한 SCM420H 기계적 특성을 Table 1에 나타냈다.
Fig. 8

Helical gear product

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f008.jpg
Table 1

Helical gear materials

Table 1
Name SCM420H
Young’s modulus (MPa) 200000
Tensile strength (MPa) 650-880
Elongation (%) 41876
Fatigue (MPa) 275
Yield strength (MPa) 350
Thermal expansion (e-6/K) 41922
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 25
Specific heat (J/kg.K) 460
Melting temperature (oC) 1450-1510
Density (kg/m3) 7700
Resistivity (Ohm.mm2/m) 0.55
기어의 프로파일 오차 측정은 5개의 시험기어를 가지고 프로파일 측정기준에 따라 기어 1개 당 4개 기어 이의 오른쪽과 왼쪽으로 나누어 측정하여 평균값을 구하였다.
Fig. 9에 나타난바와 같이 왼쪽 치면의 프로파일 에러 평균값은 3.6 μm, 오른쪽은 4.2 μm이며 평균값은 3.9 μm로 나타났다.
Fig. 9

Result of profile error left & right

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f009.jpg
기어의 리드 오차 측정은 측정 기준에 따라 기어 1개 당 4개의 기어 이의 오른쪽과 왼쪽으로 나누어 측정하고 평균값을 구하였다. 시험 결과를 Fig. 10에 나타냈으며, 왼쪽 치면의 리드 에러 평균값은 6.7 μm, 오른쪽은 7.9 μm, 평균값은 7.3 μm로 나타났다. 피치 에러 측정 결과를 Fig. 11에 나타냈으며, 왼쪽 치면의 피치 에러 평균값은 9.6 μm, 오른쪽은 9.1 μm, 평균값은 9.3 μm로 나타났다. Fig. 12는 런아웃 측정 결과이며, 런아웃 에러 평균값은 9.3 μm로 나타났다.
Fig. 10

Result of lead error left & right

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f010.jpg
Fig. 11

Result of pitch error left & right

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f011.jpg
Fig. 12

Result of runout error

KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_f012.jpg
본 연구에서는 트랜스퍼 감속기의 구동기어인 Helical 기어의 최적 설계를 수행하였다. 기어설계 및 해석 프로그램인 Romax Designer를 이용하여 기어 모델링 후 시뮬레이션을 통해 지오메트리 치형 반복 수정을 수행하여 Profile 및 Lead의 치면 하중분포를 최적화하고 기어 성능 향상을 위해 전달오차를 최소화하는 지오메트리를 파악하여 설계하였다. 또한 최적화 해석 설계를 반영하여 실제 기어를 제작한 다음 기어의 정밀도를 측정하여 고찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다.
1. Romax Designer를 사용하여 기어를 모델링하고 치형 최적화를 위해 Profile 및 Lead를 수정하고 반복 시뮬레이션을 통해 기어 최적 설계를 수행하였다.
2. 시뮬레이션 결과, 수정 전에 응력분포가 기어 치면의 끝단부에 집중되어 있는 반면 최적설계 이후에 응력분포가 끝단부에서 치면의 중심부에 균등하게 분포되었다.
3. 최적화 설계된 시험 기어의 Profile Error 측정 결과 좌측 치면이 3.6 μm, 우측 치면이 4.2 μm로 나타났으며, 기어 치면의 Profile Error 평균값은 3.9 μm 으로 나타났다.
4. Lead Error 측정결과, 좌측 치면 6.7 μm, 우측 치면 7.9 μm로 나타났고, 기어 치면의 Lead Error 평균값은 7.3 μm으로 나타났다.
5. Pitch Error 측정결과, 좌측 치면이 9.6 μm, 우측 치면은 9.1 μm으로 나타났고, 기어 치면의 Pitch Error 평균값은 9.3 μm으로 나타났다.
6. Runout Error 측정결과, Runout Error는 9.3 μm으로 나타났다.
7. Transfer Gear Box 최종 출력토크는 273 Nm, 회전수는 182.9 rpm으로 나타났다.
본 연구는 한국산업기술진흥원 지역주력산업육성 사업(과제번호: P0002834)과 Romax Technology의 Romax Designer 지원에 의해 연구되었으며 이에 감사드립니다.
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MyeongJin Song
KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_bf001.jpg
Master candidate in the Department of Mechanical & Metallurgical Education. Gyeongsang National University. Her research interest is Gear Design
MyeongHo Kim
KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_bf002.jpg
PhD candidate in the Department of Convergence Mechanical Engineering. Gyeongsang National University. His research interest is Gear Design.
Zhen Qin
KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_bf003.jpg
Master candidate in Department of Mechanical Engineering at Gyeongsang National University. His primary research interest is Mechanical System Design.
DongSeon Kim
KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_bf004.jpg
Master candidate in Department of Mechanical Engineering at Gyeongsang National University. His research interest is Mechanical System Design.
NamSool Jeon
KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_bf005.jpg
Director in kumhwa Technology LTD. His research interest is Gear Driving Unit
Sungki Lyu
KSPE_2019_v36n2_121_bf006.jpg
Professor in Gyeongsang National University. His research interest is Gear, Gearbox, and Mechanical System Design.

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A Study on the Optimal Design of Drive Gear for Transfer Gearbox
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2019;36(2):121-126.   Published online February 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.2.121
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A Study on the Optimal Design of Drive Gear for Transfer Gearbox
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2019;36(2):121-126.   Published online February 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/KSPE.2019.36.2.121
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Related articles

A Study on the Optimal Design of Drive Gear for Transfer Gearbox
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 3D modeling of helical drive gear set
Fig. 2 Gear meshing of helical drive gear set
Fig. 3 Safety factor of drive gear set
Fig. 4 Gear modification types
Fig. 5 Load distribution on meshing gear surface before micro geometry modification
Fig. 6 Gear flank form after modification
Fig. 7 Load distribution on meshing gear surface after micro geometry modification
Fig. 8 Helical gear product
Fig. 9 Result of profile error left & right
Fig. 10 Result of lead error left & right
Fig. 11 Result of pitch error left & right
Fig. 12 Result of runout error

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

A Study on the Optimal Design of Drive Gear for Transfer Gearbox
Name SCM420H
Young’s modulus (MPa) 200000
Tensile strength (MPa) 650-880
Elongation (%) 41876
Fatigue (MPa) 275
Yield strength (MPa) 350
Thermal expansion (e-6/K) 41922
Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 25
Specific heat (J/kg.K) 460
Melting temperature (oC) 1450-1510
Density (kg/m3) 7700
Resistivity (Ohm.mm2/m) 0.55
Table 1 Helical gear materials

Table 1

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