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형상변형드론 국내외 기술현황 및 미래발전방향

The Current Status of Domestic and Foreign Technology and Future Development Direction on Shape Shifting Drone

Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2025;42(6):455-469.
Published online: June 1, 2025

1 충남연구원 과학기술진흥본부

1 Division of Science and Technology Promotion, Chungnam Institute

#E-mail: joohyunbaek@cni.re.kr, TEL: +82-41-840-1770
• Received: March 5, 2025   • Revised: April 4, 2025   • Accepted: April 29, 2025

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • A Study on the Design Optimization of Special-Purpose Multicopter Frames
    Jong-Min Park, Seung-Chang Lee
    Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers.2025; 24(12): 58.     CrossRef

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The Current Status of Domestic and Foreign Technology and Future Development Direction on Shape Shifting Drone
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2025;42(6):455-469.   Published online June 1, 2025
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J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2025;42(6):455-469.   Published online June 1, 2025
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The Current Status of Domestic and Foreign Technology and Future Development Direction on Shape Shifting Drone
Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Operational difficulty environments
Fig. 2 The technical development trend of unmanned system
Fig. 3 The classification of shape shifting technology
Fig. 4 Examples [7-10] of self-shape shifting technology and separation/combining technology (Adapted from Ref. 7-10 on the basis of OA)
Fig. 5 The classification and examples [11-13] of shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 11-13 on the basis of OA)
Fig. 6 The difference of flight principle between rotary wing based shape shifting drone and fixed wing based shape shifting drone [15,31] (Adapted from Ref. 15, 31 on the basis of OA)
The Current Status of Domestic and Foreign Technology and Future Development Direction on Shape Shifting Drone
Drone type Characteristic
Velocity Range Payload Camouflage Environment
overcoming
Operation
expandability
Fixed shape drone Rotary wing X X
Fixed wing X X X
Biomimetic X X X X
Shape shifting drone Rotary wing X
Fixed wing X
Biomimetic X X X
No. Country Rotary wing based shape shifting
drone
Fixed wing based shape
shifting drone
Biomimetic based
shape shifting drone
Total
Self-shape
shifting
Seperation
/combining
Self-shape
shifting
Seperation
/combining
Self-shape
shifting
1 USA 6 2 5 1 1 15
2 Switzerland 3 - 2 - 2 7
3 Japan 3 - - - - 3
4 Germany - - 1 - 2 3
5 UK - - 1 - 2 3
6 France 1 - 1 - - 2
7 Israel 1 - - - - 1
8 India 1 - - - - 1
9 Norway 1 1 - - - 2
10 Italia - 1 - - - 1
11 Brazil - 1 - - - 1
12 Singapore - - 1 - - 1
13 Spain - - 1 - - 1
14 Australia - - - 1 - 1
15 China 1 1 - - 1 3
Total 17 6 12 2 8 45
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Rotary wing
based shape
shifting drone
Self-shape shifting Reconfigurable drone [14] UC. berkeley (2022)
Shape morphing drone [8] Virginia Tech. (2022)
Pegasus-II [11] Robotic research Co. (2020)
Morphing quadrotor [49] Univ. of Washington (2018)
Small hybrid ground-air vehicle [19] Univ. of Minnesota (2017)
- [50] Shape memory plastic development for
shape shifting drone (article)
Army research lab. (2020)
M4 [20] Caltech (2023)
Separation/ combining Shape-shifter [21] NASA (2019)
Mega-drone [26] Amazon Co. (2016)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Fixed
wing based shape
shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
GL-10 [31] NASA (2014)
Transformer TX (ARES) [12] DARPA (2019)
Transwing [32] PteroDynamics co. (2019)
MIST-UAV [33] Minnesota Univ. (2019)
Separation/
combining
UAV and quarcopter [29] Florida Tech. (2021)
Biomimetic wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
BatBot [43] UIUC (2017)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Rotary wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
Foldable drone [15] Univ. of Zurich (2018)
Omni-orientational hexacopter [51] Voliro Co./Univ. of Zurich (2018)
New inspection drone [52] EPFL/Elythor (2023)
Fixed
wing based shape
shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
Tiltwing UAV [34] Univ. of Zurich (2019)
Paceflyer S100 [35] Univ. of Zurich (2016)
Biomimetic wing
based shape
shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
Rapter [13] EPFL (2020)
A perching robot of griffin project [41] EPFL (2023)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Rotary wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
Transform able multirotor [16] Univ. of Tokyo (2017)
Dragon [17] Univ. of Tokyo (2018)
SPIDAR [22] Univ. of Tokyo (2023)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Fixed wing based shape
shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
Pheonix-2 eVTOL [53] Lilium Gmbh. (2022)
Biomimetic wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
BicnicFlyingFox [44] Festo Co., (2018)
BionicSwift [45] Festo Co., (2020)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Fixed wing based shape
shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
Morphing UAV [54] Southampton Univ. (2018)
Biomimetic wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
SNAG [42] Stanford Univ. (2021)
AquaMAV [46] Imperial College London (2016)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Rotary wing based shape shifting drone Self-shape
shifting
Morphing Quadcopter [18] Aix Marseille Univ. (France, 2018)
Fixed wing based shape shifting drone Self-shape
shifting
A3 Vahana [36] Airbus Co. (2018)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Rotary wing based shape shifting drone Self-shape shifting Morphy [55] Norwegian Univ. of science and technology (Norway, 2024)
Separation/combining Megskopter [27] Univ. of Oslo (Norway, 2015)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Rotary wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape shifting TJ-flyingfish [25] Tongji University (China, 2023)
Separation/combining Air separation drone [56] Nanjing Univ. (China, 2024)
Biomimetic wing based shape shifting drone Self-shape shifting Xiaosun [47] Northwestern Polytechnical Univ., (China, 2024)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Rotary wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
FSTAR [23] The Ben Gurion Univ. of the Negev (Israel, 2019)
Elasticopter [24] IIIT-Hyderabad (India,2021)
Separation/
combining
Pop.up Next [57] Airbus &Audi Co. (Italia, 2018)
DRA [28] Univ. of Sao Paulo (Brazil, 2020)
Fixed wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
U-Iion [37] National Univ. of Singapore (Singapore, 2017)
HADA [58] INTA (Spain, 2012)
Separation/
combining
Aerial refueling [59] Univ. of Sydney (Australia, 2006)
Rotary wing based shape shifting drone Fixed wing based shape shifting drone Biomimetic wing based shape
shifting drone
Total
Self-shape shifting Separation/ combining Self-shape shifting Separation/ combining Self-shape shifting
1 - 4 1 1 7
(3) (3) (4) (3) (1) (14)
Type Items Appearance Research institute (Year)
Rotary wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
Life-saving drone with variable structure [60] Sangmyung Univ. (2021)
Propeller allocation reconfigurable drone [61] KARI (2015)
Payload with variable stiffiiess mechanism applied drone [62] Seoul National Univ. (2018)
Separation/
combining
Aerial manipulation drone using multiple drone [63] Seoul National Univ. (2017)
A drone with connector for combining with mobile robot [64] Chungnam National Univ. (2018)
Mother-child drone using magnetic force [65] Uconsystem Co., Ltd., (2016)
Fixed wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
Unmanned Vehicle for air/ground/water environment [66] Konkuk Univ. (2019)
QTP-UAV [38] KARI (2018)
Tiltduct UAV (TD-40/TD-20) [39] KARI (2017)
Tiltduct UAV (TD-100/TD-60) [40] KARI (2012)
Separation/
combining
Aerial separation/combining of mother and child UAV [30] Korea Aerospace Univ. (2022)
Docking-undocking of unmanned vehicle [67] KARI (2023)
Aerial separation mechanism [68] KAIST (2022)
Biomimetic wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape
shifting
The wing for beetle mimicking MAV [48] Konkuk Univ. (2019)
Type Foreign country Domestic
Rotary wing based shape
shifting drone
Self-shape shifting Applied research level Basic research level
Separation/combining Most basic research level
(partially applied research level)
Basic research level
Fixed wing based shape
shifting drone
Self-shape shifting Most applied research level
(partially test development level)
Most applied research level
(partially basic research level)
Separation/ combining Basic research level Basic research level
Biomimetic wing based
shape shifting drone
Self-shape shifting Most applied research level
(partially test development level)
Basic research level
Separation/ combining N/A N/A
System Core technology
(level 1)[6]
Core element technology
(level 2)
Core element technology
(level 3)
Applied
drone
Shape shifting drone (Tl) Shape shifting platform technology (Tl.l) Structure transform technology (Tl.1.1) Movability transform technology R, F
(Tl.l.2) Airframe transform technology R, F
(Tl.1.3) Thrust vector transform technology R, F
(Tl.1.4) Wing/feather mimicked structure/driving technology B
(Tl.l.5) Lifting force generating flapping technology B
(T1.2) Separation/combining technology (T1.2.1) Safe separation/combining technology R, F
(Tl.2.2) Multiagent integrated operation technology R, F
(Tl.2.3) Multiagent integrated interface technology R, F
(Tl .2.4) Light weight structure technology B
(Tl.2.5) Graspable leg technology B
(T2) Multiple shape control technology (T2.1) Reconfiguration/transition state control technology (T2.1.1) Shape shifting dynamic characteristic technology R, F, B
(T2.1.2) Shape shifting posture stabilization technology R, F, B
(T2.2) Control redistribution technology (T2.2.1) Real time control distribution technology R, F, B
(T2.2.2) Shape modeling and identification technology R, F, B
(T3) Mission operation technology (T3.1) Multidomain operation technology (T3.1.1) Multidomain optimal operation technology R, F, B
(T3.1.2) Energy optimal operation technology R, F, B
(T3.1.3) Mission performance extension technology R
(T3.2) Mission planning technology (T3.2.1) Autonomous mission unit operation technology R, F, B
(T3.2.2) Shape shifting operation planning technology R, F, B
(T4) Sensor/actuator technology (T4.1) Sensor technology (T4.1.1) shape shifting recognition technology R, F, B
(T4.1.2) Separation/combining sensor technology R, F
(T4.1.3) Mission environment recognition technology R, F, B
(T4.2) Actuator technology (T4.2.1) Transformed shape actuating technology R, F
(T4.2.2) Separation/combining actuator technology R, F
(T4.2.3) Biomimetic actuator technology B
(T4.2.3) High degree of freedom distributed actuator technology R, B
  Rotary wing base shape
shifting drone
Fixed wing based shape
shifting drone
Biomimetic shape
shifting drone
Average
Domestic technology level [%] 66.6 67.7 64.4 66.2
Technological gap (year) 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.5
Reference country (with the world best technology) USA USA USA, Germany USA
Table 1 Comparison of major characteristic between fixed shape drone and shape shifting drone

(◎: Very Good, ○: Good, □: Average, △: Bad, X: Too Bad)

Table 2 The number of foreign country's research cases on shape shifting drone
Table 3 The research situation of USA on rotary wing based shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 21, 26, 49, 50 on the basis of OA)
Table 4 The research situations of USA on fixed wing based shape shifting drone and biomimetic based shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 12, 29, 31, 32, 33, 43 on the basis of OA)
Table 5 The research situation of Switzerland on shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 13, 15, 34, 35, 41, 51, 52 on the basis of OA)
Table 6 The research situation of Japan on shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 16, 17, 22 on the basis of OA)
Table 7 The research situation of Germany on shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 44, 45, 53 on the basis of OA)
Table 8 The research situation of UK on shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 42, 46, 54 on the basis of OA)
Table 9 The research situation of France on shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 18, 36 on the basis of OA) Type Items Appearance Research
Table 10 The research situation of Norway on shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 27, 55 on the basis of OA)
Table 11 The research situation of China on shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 25, 47, 56 on the basis of OA)
Table 12 The research situation of the other foreign countries shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 23, 24, 28, 37, 57, 58, 59 on the basis of OA)
Table 13 The number of domestic research cases on shape shifting drone
Table 14 The domestic research situation on shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 30, 38, 39, 40, 48, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 on the basis of OA)
Table 15 The comparison of foreign country research level and domestic research level
Table 16 Core technologies for three kinds of shape shifting drone (Adapted from Ref. 6 on the basis of OA)

(Note) R: rotary wing based shape shifting drone, F: fixed wing based shape shifting drone, B: Biomimetic shape shifting drone

Table 17 Domestic technology level relatively compared with the foreign country with the world best technology [5,6] (Adapted from Ref. 5, 6 on the basis of OA)