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전자광학추적장비 냉각용 이중 임펠러 열교환기 시스템의 구조 개선에 따른 열교환 효율 향상에 대한 수치적 연구

이성빈1, 전만율3, 박형필3, 박동혁3, 박훈혁4, 배종인4, 박희성2,#orcid

A Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Dual-impeller Heat Exchanger for Electro-optical Tracking System Cooling via System Structural Modification

Sungbin Lee1, Manyul Jeon3, Hyungpil Park3, Donghyeok Park3, Hoonhyuk Park4, Jongin Bae4, Heesung Park2,#orcid
Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 2025;42(10):871-877.
Published online: October 1, 2025

1 국립창원대학교 스마트제조융합협동과정

2 국립창원대학교 기계공학부

3 키프코전자항공 기계냉각연구소

4 한화시스템 기계설계팀

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#E-mail: heesungpark@changwon.ac.kr, TEL: +82-55-213-5471
• Received: April 21, 2025   • Revised: June 11, 2025   • Accepted: June 13, 2025

Copyright © The Korean Society for Precision Engineering

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • This study presents a dual-impeller air-cooled heat exchanger aimed at improving thermal management in electro-optical tracking systems operating under high power density. Two geometric modifications were introduced to enhance flow characteristics and heat transfer performance: the curvature of the center plate and the integration of a pin-fin structure at the outlet. Through numerical simulation, the improved model demonstrated more efficient internal flow compared to the original model, achieved through enhanced inflow characteristics and reduced flow separation. The pin-fin structures induced localized turbulence and recirculation zones, contributing to an increased thermal exchange surface area and longer effective heat transfer time. Consequently, the outlet temperature of the internal system decreased by an average of 1.4°C across various rotational speeds, resulting in a 5.9% increase in heat exchanger efficiency compared to the original model. Overall, this study shows that structural enhancements in heat exchanger design can significantly improve the cooling performance of high-power electronic systems, suggesting practical applicability for advanced thermal management solutions.
  • KEYWORDS: Heat exchanger, Dual impeller air cooled, Heat exchange efficiency, EOTS, Numerical simulation, Temperature deviation
  • KEYWORDS: 열교환기, 이중 임펠러 열교환, 열교환 효율, 전자광학추적장비, 수치해석, 온도 편차

a→centrifugal 

Centrifugal Acceleration

a→Coriolis 

Coriolis Acceleration

Ω→

Angular Velocity Vector

r→

Position Vector from the Center of Rotation

r⊥→

Component of the Position Vector Perpendicular to the Axis of Rotation

vrel→

Velocity Vector Relative to the Rotating Frame

ρ

Fluid Density

μ

Dynamic Viscosity

g→

Gravitational Acceleration

ε

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
전자광학추적장비(Electro-optical Tracking System, EOTS)는 광학 및 전자 센서 기술을 융합하여 목표물의 탐지, 식별, 추적을 수행하는 장비이다. EOTS 내부는 EO (Electro-optical) 카메라, 적외선(Infrared) 센서, 고속 영상 처리 장치, 서보 모터 시스템 등으로 구성된다[1]. 이러한 고성능 부품이 한정된 체적 내에 집약적으로 배치되므로 시스템은 고집적, 고부하 특성을 갖게 된다[2]. 이에 따라 운용 중 발생하는 발열은 불가피하며, 효과적인 열관리 설계가 필수적으로 요구된다. EOTS는 군사, 항공우주, 산업 보안, 민간 과학 연구 등 다양한 분야에 활용 가능하다. 특히 군사적 전술 운용 장비에 탑재되는 경우 체적의 한계, 극한 온도 조건, 소음 규제 등 복합적 조건을 동시에 만족해야 한다. 이에 따라, EOTS 냉각 목적 열교환기 설계시 열적 안정성뿐만 아니라 구조적, 환경적 제약을 포함한 종합적 고려가 필요하다[3]. 이러한 요구에 대응하기 위해 열교환기 성능 개선에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되어 왔다.
X. Tao 등은 군용 지상 차량용 열교환기 대상의 유한차분법을 도입하였다[4]. 이를 이용하여 라디에이터 코어의 치수 최적화 및 냉각에 소비되는 에너지 저감을 유도하였다. 이 연구는 설계 공간 내 다양한 제약 조건을 만족하는 동시에 냉각 성능을 향상을 목적으로 하여 주목할 만 하였다. D.C Price는 군용 전자 시스템 내부의 열 관리 방안으로 전도, 강제 대류, 히트파이프, 상변화 물질 등 열교환기에 적용 가능한 다양한 열전달 방식을 제안하였다[5]. X. Tang 등은 열교환 목적의 맞춤형 히트파이프 루프(Heat Pipe Loop)를 개발하였다[6]. 이는 작동 유체의 증발 및 응축을 활용하는 상변화 기반 열전달 메커니즘을 이용하며, 기존 공랭 또는 수냉 방식의 한계를 보완하였다. 이에 따라 군용 전자장비에 적합한 효율적 열관리 솔루션을 제시한 사례로 적합하다.
한편, 직접적인 군사 응용은 아니지만 항공우주 분야에서 수행되는 관련 연구들은 고집적, 고성능 냉각 기술 개발이라는 측면에서 군사 시스템 냉각 설계에 중요한 반영점을 제공한다. F. Careri 등은 항공우주 분야에서 소형 열교환기의 경량화 및 성능 향상을 위한 수단으로 적층 제조(Additive Manufacturing, AM) 방식을 적용하였다[7]. 토폴로지 최적화 기반의 복잡한 형상을 구현함으로써 차세대 열교환기 설계 및 제작 방식의 혁신적 가능성을 제시하였다. D Saltzman 등은 항공기 오일 냉각을 목적으로 하는 열교환기에 대해 기존의 기계가공 방식과 AM 방식 간 제조방식에 따른 성능을 비교 분석하였으며, 이를 정량적으로 입증하였다[8]. AM방식으로 제작된 열교환기의 경우 약 10%의 열전달 성능 향상을 보였으나, 제조 과정에 의한 표면 거칠기와 결함 발생 문제로 인해 공기 유입 측에서의 압력강하가 두 배로 증가하였다. 이로 인해 품질 안정성 측면에서 현재 열교환기에 적용되는 적층 제조 방식의 개선 필요성을 제시하였다.
이와 같이, 기존의 고집적, 고출력 전자장비에 대한 연구는 대부분 기존에 제안된 방식을 적용하거나, 제조 공정의 변화에 따른 성능 분석에 초점을 맞추어 수행되어왔다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 기존 방식을 기반으로 하되, 구조적 설계를 중심으로 유동 및 열전달 특성 개선에 중점을 두었다. 선행연구에서는 냉각공기로 해당환경에서의 외기를 활용하는 맥동형 히트파이프(Pulsating Heat Pipe, PHP) 기반의 신개념 열교환기를 제안하고, 이에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였다[3].
본 연구에서는 이를 기반으로 EOTS 냉각용 이중 임펠러 열교환기의 내부 구조 변화에 따른 유동 및 열전달 특성을 비교 분석하고자 한다. 열적 인자의 물성치를 수정하지 않고, 구조적 설계를 통해 내부 유동 개선을 도모하였으며, 이를 통해 열교환 효율 향상을 궁극적 목표로 설정하였다. 특히, 기존에 제시된 열교환기를 기본형으로 선정하고, 내부 형상을 변화시킨 개선형과 함께 유동 및 열전달 특성의 변화를 수치적으로 비교 분석하였다.
2.1 열교환기 구조 비교
본 연구에서 제안한 열교환기는 크게 상, 하부로 나뉘어 공기의 대류 및 전도를 주요 열전달 매커니즘으로 활용하여 작동한다. Fig. 1은 기류 순환형 이중 임펠러 열교환기의 구조를 이해하기 위한 개략도를 나타낸 것이다. 본 열교환기는 작동 환경에서의 외기를 냉각 공기로 사용하는 상부 외부 시스템과 내부 발열소자들로 인해 고온 상태인 하부 내부 시스템으로 구성되어 있다. 중심의 센터 플레이트로 인해 두 시스템의 공기는 완전히 분리된다. 또한, 센터 플레이트 중심부에 내장된 모터를 통해 상부와 하부의 이중 임펠러가 회전하며 기류 순환을 유도한다. 이에 따라 임펠러에 의해 수직 방향으로 유입된 내, 외부 시스템의 공기는 히트파이프를 거쳐 수평으로 방출된다. Fig. 2는 (a) 전체적 구성요소들의 배치에 더해, (b) 기본형 열교환기와 (c) 개선형 열교환기 간의 세부적인 형상 차이를 비교하여 나타낸다.
Fig. 1

Schematic of heat exchanger for EOTS cooling

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f001.jpg
Fig. 2

Details of heat exchanger

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f002.jpg
기본형과 개선형 모델 모두 구조적 부품의 물성치와 수량은 동일하다. 특히, 14개의 맥동형 히트파이프(PHP)는 유체 유동 경로를 반영한 절곡 형상으로 제작되었다.
해당 히트파이프는 각 브라켓에 견고하게 고정되어 있으며, 동일한 방식으로 구성되었다. 형상 변수 이외의 각 시스템에서의 유입구 직경, 출구 높이 등 기하학적 치수 또한 모두 동일하며, 각 부품에 대한 치수는 Table 1에 표기하였다. 기본형 모델을 초기 기준으로 설정한 뒤, 유동 특성 최적화를 위해 두 가지 형상 변수를 도입하였다. 해당 변수는 (1) 센터 플레이트 중심부의 곡률 변화와 (2) 끝단의 Pin-fin 구조 적용 여부이며, 이를 개선형 모델에 반영하였다. 모터 하우징의 역할을 하는 센터 플레이트 중심부는 기존의 직각 구조에서 곡면화된 형상으로 변경되었다. 이는, 유동 유입 저항을 감소시키고 보다 원활한 내부 흐름 유도의 목적으로 설계되었다. 또한, 출구부 부근 센터 플레이트 끝단에 적용된 Pin-fin 구조의 경우, 단면적 5 mm2 높이 2 mm인 핀 배열을 통해 방출 유동 정렬 및 PHP의 하단에서 난류유동 유도를 통한 전열 성능 향상을 목적으로 한다[9].
Table 1

Geometry parameter

Table 1
Parameter Diameter [mm]
External Inlet diameter (Dext) 100
Internal Inlet diameter (Dint) 70
Imperller diameter (Dimperller) 90
Center plate diameter (Dcenter) 223
External system length (Lext) 27.9
Internal system length (Lint) 14.2
2.2 수치해석 방법
열교환기 구조에 따른 시스템별 유입 유량 및 열전달 특성을 분석하기 위해 Ansys Fluent 2024 R1을 활용한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 해석에는 k-ω SST 난류 모델이 적용되었다. 본 모델은 내부 회전 및 곡률 효과에 민감하게 반응하도록 설계되어 있다. 이에 따라, 복잡한 유동 조건을 갖는 시스템 내 센터 플레이트 및 PHP 벽면 인접 경계층에서의 온도 분포를 정밀하게 예측할 수 있다는 점에서 본 연구에 적합하다고 판단되어 선정하였다[10,11]. 내, 외부 시스템으로 유입되는 고온 유체 및 냉각 유체의 물성치는 모두 Fluent Database 내의 상온 공기 물성치를 적용하였다. 열교환기 구성 요소 중 PHP를 제외한 모든 부품에는 열전도도 202.4 W/m·K를 갖는 알루미늄의 물성치를 부여하였다. PHP에는 알루미늄과 동일한 물성치를 적용하되, 열전도도는 2,000 W/m·K로 설정하였다. 이는 동일 체적 내에서의 열전달 효율 향상의 목적을 가진다. 시스템 내 적용된 재료의 물성치는 Table 2에 제시하였다. 또한, 적도 부근과 같은 고온의 극한 환경을 가정하여 내, 외부 시스템으로 유입되는 기류의 온도는 각 75°C, 50°C로 설정하였다. 중심부에 위치한 이중 임펠러의 회전에 의한 기류의 유입 및 유출이 유도되는 조건을 모사하기 위해, 각 시스템의 입구에는 전압 조건(Total Pressure Inlet), 출구에는 정압 조건(Static Pressure Outlet)을 적용하였다. 임펠러의 회전 속도를 변수로 설정하여 총 세 가지 조건에 대해 수치해석을 수행하였다. 모든 해석은 정상 상태(Steady-state) 조건하에 진행되었다. 정상 상태 해석상 반복 회전하는 임펠러 근처의 유동에 대해 정확히 모사하기 위해 Frozen Rotor 방식이 적용되었다. 이는 정상 상태 하의 임펠러 회전에 의한 기류 유동 특성을 분석하기에 적합하다[12]. 이러한 해석상 경계조건은 Table 3에 나타내었다.
Table 2

Properties of material in system

Table 2
Properties Air Aluminum Heat Pipe
Density [kg/m3] 1.225 2719 2719
Heat capacity [J/kg·K] 1006.43 871 871
Thermal conductivity [W/m·K] 0.0242 202.4 2000
Table 3

Boundary conditions for simulation

Table 3
  Parameter External Internal
Inlet Total pressure [Pa] 0 0
  Total temperature [oC] 50 75
Outlet Static pressure [Pa] 0 0
Rotational speed [rev/min] 7000, 8000, 9000
Interface Rotor-stator Frozen rotor
2.3 수치해석 수렴성 검증
수치해석을 위한 격자 구성은 Fig. 3에 나타내었다. 격자는 Polyhedral 형상으로 이루어졌다. 또한, 유동 유입구로부터의 흐름과 벽면 근처의 난류 특성 반영을 위한 벽함수를 반영하여 적용하였다. 본 격자를 기반으로, Fig. 4에는 노드 수가 3,000,000개일 때와 7,470,000개 사이에서 노드 수 변화에 따른 열교환기 내부 시스템 출구부 유동장 끝부분의 표면 평균온도를 나타내었다.
Fig. 3

Computational grid of heat exchanger

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f003.jpg
Fig. 4

Grid independence test

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f004.jpg
격자 의존도 시험은 수치 해석에서 사용된 격자의 해석 결과에 대한 신뢰성과 계산 효율성을 검증하기 위해 중요한 과정이다[13]. 분석 결과, 노드 수 5,230,000개와 7,470,000개일 때의 내부 시스템 출구 평균 온도의 편차는 0.20% 이내로 계산되었다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서 해석 시간의 효율성과 수치 해석 결과의 신뢰성을 확보하기 위해 격자 수는 5,230,000개로 설정하여 해석을 수행하였다.
3.1 유동 특성 분석
Fig. 5는 회전속도 8,000 rpm 조건에서의 외부 시스템 측 센터 플레이트 부근의 속도 분포를 나타낸 것이다. 계산 기준인 Radial Velocity는 음의 값일 경우 유동이 중심부로 수렴하고, 양의 값일 경우 외부로 발산하는 특성을 갖는다. (a) 기본형 모델에서는 센터 플레이트 가장자리에서 중심부로 유체가 수렴하는 흐름이 지배적으로 관찰되며, 이는 유체의 외부 유출보다 내부 재순환이 우세함을 의미한다. 이에 따라 외부 시스템에서의 내부 유동이 정체될 수 있는 가능성이 존재한다. 반면, (b) 개선형 모델의 경우 이러한 정체 현상이 완화된 흐름 형상이 관찰되었다. 특히 PHP 벽면을 따라 유동이 지배적으로 출구로 발산하는 형상이 관찰된다. Pin-fin 구조에 의해 정렬된 주 유동이 유출됨과 동시에, 일부 유동은 핀에 충돌하여 후방으로 역류하며 국소적 재순환 영역을 형성하는 것이 확인되었다. 이는 내부 유동 정체 문제를 완화시키는 데 효율적인 구조임을 보여준다. Fig. 6은 회전속도 8,000 rpm 조건에서의 외부 시스템 측 센터 플레이트 부근에 대한 와도 분포와 속도 벡터를 통한 유동 방향을 나타내었다.
Fig. 5

Distribution of velocity on the heat exchanger

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f005.jpg
Fig. 6

Distribution of vorticity with velocity vector on the heat exchanger external radial surface for each model

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f006.jpg
이를 통해 각 지점별 유동 방향성의 세밀한 분석 및 와도 분포에 기반한 속도 분포가 형성됨을 확인하였다. (a) 기본형 모델의 경우, 유입부 인근 PHP 벽면에서는 구조물 모서리에 의한 유동 박리로 인해 국소적인 고와도 영역이 형성되었다. 출구부 부근에서는 유동을 유도하던 PHP 벽면이 사라짐에 따라 후류 와류가 발생하였다. 특히 출구 방향으로의 주 유동이 명확히 관찰되지 않는 점은, 기본형 모델의 구조적 한계로 인해 출구부 방향의 압력 구배가 충분히 형성되지 않았음을 나타낸다. 또한, 출구부 부근까지 안내된 일부 기류 역시 유출을 유도할 수 있는 채널의 부재로 인해 끝단에서 발생된 후류 와류가 지배적으로 작용함을 알 수 있다. 반면, (b) 개선형 모델의 경우 임펠러로부터 유입된 기류가 보다 매끄럽게 유입되며, 회전체에서 작용하는 원심 가속도, 코리올리 가속도에 의하여 휘어지는 형태의 주 유동장이 반복적으로 형성되었다. 이는 해석상 회전 좌표계 기반의 Navier-stokes 방정식 내 관성력 항으로 설명 가능하며, 각 가속도 및 회전 좌표계 기반의 지배 방정식은 다음과 같다.
(1)
a→centrifugal =Ω→×(Ω→×r→)=Ω2⋅r⊥→
(2)
a→Coriolis =-2Ω→×rrel →
(3)
ρ∂rrel→∂t+rrel→⋅∇rrel→=-∇p+μ∇2∇rrel→-ρΩ→×(Ω→×r→)+2Ω→×rrel→+ρg→
주 유동 경로와 일치하는 비대칭성 고와도 영역이 관찰되었으며, 이는 중심부의 곡률 구조 적용을 통한 유동 유입 특성 개선의 결과로 사료된다. Pin-fin 구조의 경우, 전후로 국소적인 유동 박리에 의한 재순환 영역이 형성되었다. 이러한 유동 특성은 내부 구조 변화가 속도 및 와도 분포에 미치는 영향에 대한 근거를 뒷받침하며, 이에 대한 정량적 지표를 함께 제시하였다. Fig. 7은 임펠러 회전 속도 변화에 따른 각 시스템별 유입 유량 변화를 비교한 결과를 나타낸다. 두 모델 간 내부 시스템의 구조적 차이는 센터 플레이트 끝단의 Pin-fin 구조 적용 유무에 있으나, 이에 따른 유입 유량 차이는 정량적으로 2% 미만으로 나타났으므로, 해당 변수는 일정 값으로 가정하여 분석 변수에서 제외하였다. 외부 시스템 내 유입 유량 비교 결과, 기본형 모델에서는 외부 시스템으로의 유입 유량이 내부 시스템 내 유입 유량 대비 작게 나타났다. 반면, 개선형 모델의 경우 기본형 대비 회전속도에 관계없이 평균적으로 약 50% 증가한 유량이 유입되었으며, 이는 내부시스템의 유입 유량을 상회하는 수준이다. 이러한 결과는 형상 개선에 따라 외부 시스템 유입 유량이 개선되고, 내부 유동 특성 또한 함께 개선되었음을 나타낸다.
Fig. 7

Flow rate in external system for each model

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f007.jpg
3.2 열전달 특성 분석
본 연구에서 제안한 열교환기는 내부 시스템 출구부의 토출 온도 감소를 성능 지표로 여기며, 이에 따라 내, 외부 시스템 전체의 기류 순환 특성이 중요한 설계 요소로 고려된다. 앞서 유동 특성 분석을 통해 기본형과 개선형 모델 간의 구조적 차이에 따른 냉각 기류 유입 유량이 증가한 현상을 확인하였다. 해당 정량적 결과에 기반한 냉각 성능을 분석하기 위해, Fig. 8에는 회전속도 8,000 rpm 조건에서의 내부 시스템 측 센터 플레이트 부근의 온도 분포를 제시하였다. 해당 온도 분포는 와도 분포와 유사한 형태를 보인다. 내부 시스템의 경우 외부 시스템에 비해 축방향 길이가 짧고 전체 체적이 작기 때문에, 주 유동 경로를 따라 고온 영역이 공통적으로 형성되는 특성을 나타낸다. 결과적으로, 주 유동 경로 이외의 센터플레이트 전반의 냉각 정도가 열전달 특성 판단의 주요 요인으로 작용하였다. (a) 기본형 모델의 경우 주 유동 경로 이외 영역에서의 냉각 효과는 미미한 것으로 관찰되었다. 반면 (b) 개선형 모델에서는 주 유동 경로 외의 Pin-fin 구조 전방에서 보다 광범위한 냉각 영역이 형성되어 약 5°C 가량의 반복적 온도 감소를 보였다. 이는 외부 시스템 측 냉각 기류 유입량 증가와 더불어 핀에 의한 국소적 재순환 영역 생성의 결과로 해석된다. Pin-fin 구조에 의한 유입 유량 감소는 열전달 성능 향상에 비해 영향이 극히 제한적인 요소로 판단되며, 이는 핀 구조에 의한 열적 분포 개선과 함께 외부 시스템의 냉각 유량 증대가 냉각 성능 향상의 복합적 요인임을 나타낸다.
Fig. 8

Distribution of temperature on the heat exchanger internal radial surface for each model

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f008.jpg
이를 기반으로 열교환기 성능 지표에 대한 직접적인 비교를 위해 Fig. 9에는 각 모델별 임펠러 회전속도에 따른 내부 시스템 출구부의 토출 온도를 제시하였다. 해당 온도는 출구 단면을 기준으로 면적 가중 평균(Area-weighted Average) 방식으로 산출하였으며, 회전속도가 증가할수록 토출 온도 차는 미세하게 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 각 시스템으로의 유입 온도 차(ΔT) 25°C에 대비하여, 개선형 모델에서의 고온부 토출 온도는 회전 속도 전 구간에서 기본형 대비 평균 약 1.4°C 낮게 나타난다. 이에 따라, 작동 유체 간의 비열이 동일하다는 가정하에, 출구 토출 온도를 기반으로 열교환기의 성능을 직접적으로 평가하고자 하였다.
Fig. 9

Outlet exhaust temperature for each model

KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_f009.jpg
따라서 본 연구에서는 열교환기 성능 평가의 대표적 방법인 NTU (Number of Transfer Units)법에 기반하여 열교환 효율(Heat Exchanger Effectiveness, ε)을 다음과 같이 정의하였다[14].
(4)
ε=qhot qmax=CminThot, in-Thot, outCminThot, in-Tcold, in=Thot, in-Thot, out Thot, in-Tcold, in 
(5)
C=m˙×cp
qmax는 이론상 최대 가능 열전달량, qhot은 실제 열전달량, Cmin은 최소 열용량률이다. Cmin의 경우, 고온 유체와 저온 유체 중 유입 유량 m˙이 더 작은 값을 사용한다. Thot,in, Thot,out은 각 고온 유체의 입∙출구 온도, Tcold,in는 냉각 유체의 유입 온도이다. 이를 기반으로, 계산된 기본형 열교환기의 열교환 효율은 최대 13.1%이며, 개선형 열교환기의 최대 열교환 효율은 19%로 도출되었다.
본 연구에서는 전자광학추적장비의 냉각을 목적으로 제안된 기류 순환형 이중 임펠러 열교환기의 성능 향상을 목적으로, 센터 플레이트 내의 2가지 형상변수를 설정하여 이에 따른 유동 및 열전달 특성을 수치적으로 비교 분석하였다. 2가지 형상 변수는 외부 시스템 측 센터 플레이트의 곡률 변화와 양 시스템 끝단의 Pin-Fin 구조의 유무이며, 이에 따른 구조적 차이를 기반으로 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다.
외부 시스템 측 유동 해석 결과, 기본형 모델에서는 외부 유출보다 내부 재순환 기류가 지배적으로 형성되면서 출구부 방향으로의 압력 구배가 충분하지 않았음을 시사한다. 반면, 개선형 모델의 경우 곡률을 부여한 형상변화에 의해 급격한 유동 박리를 방지하고 유체 유입 특성을 개선할 수 있었으며, 출구부 부근의 Pin-Fin 구조를 통해 유동 정렬 및 국소적인 재순환 영역을 형성하여 열전달 성능 향상에 기여하였다. 그 결과, 기본형 열교환기의 열교환 효율은 최대 13.1%, 개선형의 경우 최대 19%로 도출되었으며, 이는 5.9 %의 열교환 효율 향상을 의미한다. 이러한 개선은 공냉식 열교환기의 관점에서 유의미한 성능 개선으로 해석될 수 있다.
결과적으로, 본 연구는 제한된 체적과 경계조건 내에서 열교환기 내 부품의 형상 변화만으로 유의미한 성능 개선이 가능함을 입증하였다. 또한 제작 가능성, 환경적 제약 등 다수의 제한조건을 만족시키는 공냉식 열교환기의 성능 향상을 위한 효율적 설계 방향성을 제시한다. 이를 기반으로 향후 개선형 모델에 대한 실물 실험 검증을 통해 본 설계의 적용성을 확장하고, 실제 시스템 내 적용 가능성에 대해 고려할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
이 논문은 2025년도 정부(산업통상자원부)의 재원으로 한국에너지기술평가원의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(No. RS-2021-KP002514, 청정가스복합화력발전 핵심요소기술 및 국산화 전문인재양성).
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Sungbin Lee
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M.S. candidate in the Department of Smart Manufacturing Engineering, Changwon National University. His research interest is thermal fluid and optimized design in heat exchanger.
Manyul Jeon
KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_bf002.jpg
Director, Mechanical Cooling Research Laboratory, Kipco Aerospace, Mechanical Engineering, Republic of Korea. His research interest is Analysis of radar system.
Hyungpil Park
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Principal Researcher, Mechanical Cooling Research Laboratory, Kipco Aerospace, Mechanical Engineering, Republic of Korea. His research interest is Analysis of radar system.
Donghyeok Park
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Senior Researcher, Mechanical Cooling Research Laboratory, Kipco Aerospace, Mechanical Engineering, Republic of Korea. His research interest is Analysis of radar system.
Hoonhyuk Park
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Senior Engineer, R&D Center in Hanwha Systems. His reaserch interest is Optome-mechanical system design and development, structural analysis and thermal analysis for Eletro-optical system.
Jongin Bae
KSPE_2025_v42n10_871_bf006.jpg
Chief Engineer, R&D Center in Hanwha Systems. His reaserch interest is Optome-mechanical system design and development, structural analysis and thermal analysis for Eletro-optical system.
Heesung Park
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Professor in the Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University. His research interest is thermos fluidic devices for sustainable energy systems.

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A Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Dual-impeller Heat Exchanger for Electro-optical Tracking System Cooling via System Structural Modification
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2025;42(10):871-877.   Published online October 1, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.071
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A Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Dual-impeller Heat Exchanger for Electro-optical Tracking System Cooling via System Structural Modification
J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng.. 2025;42(10):871-877.   Published online October 1, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7736/JKSPE.025.071
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A Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Dual-impeller Heat Exchanger for Electro-optical Tracking System Cooling via System Structural Modification
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Schematic of heat exchanger for EOTS cooling
Fig. 2 Details of heat exchanger
Fig. 3 Computational grid of heat exchanger
Fig. 4 Grid independence test
Fig. 5 Distribution of velocity on the heat exchanger
Fig. 6 Distribution of vorticity with velocity vector on the heat exchanger external radial surface for each model
Fig. 7 Flow rate in external system for each model
Fig. 8 Distribution of temperature on the heat exchanger internal radial surface for each model
Fig. 9 Outlet exhaust temperature for each model

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

A Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Dual-impeller Heat Exchanger for Electro-optical Tracking System Cooling via System Structural Modification
Parameter Diameter [mm]
External Inlet diameter (Dext) 100
Internal Inlet diameter (Dint) 70
Imperller diameter (Dimperller) 90
Center plate diameter (Dcenter) 223
External system length (Lext) 27.9
Internal system length (Lint) 14.2
Properties Air Aluminum Heat Pipe
Density [kg/m3] 1.225 2719 2719
Heat capacity [J/kg·K] 1006.43 871 871
Thermal conductivity [W/m·K] 0.0242 202.4 2000
  Parameter External Internal
Inlet Total pressure [Pa] 0 0
  Total temperature [oC] 50 75
Outlet Static pressure [Pa] 0 0
Rotational speed [rev/min] 7000, 8000, 9000
Interface Rotor-stator Frozen rotor
Table 1 Geometry parameter
Table 2 Properties of material in system
Table 3 Boundary conditions for simulation

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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