The Ball-on-Plate Balancing System is a system where the base is fixed to the ground, and the plate is connected to the base through a spherical joint and can rotate in two directions (X-axis roll rotation, Y-axis pitch rotation). Two rotational joints are located on the orthogonal coordinate line of the base, and these joints are connected to the operational links of a 4-bar linkage, creating rotation of the plate around the spherical joint. The goal of this system is to prevent a ball placed on the plate from rolling off and maintain it at the center of the plate. A 17-inch touch panel attached to the plate allows the orthogonal coordinates of a ball placed on the plate to be measured. A cross-shaped frame was designed to secure the touch panel, and a custom universal joint was centered in this frame. The Ball-on-Plate Balancing System was integrated into a cart table, and a horizontal maintenance system was designed to keep the table level. Experiments confirmed the ability of the table to maintain its horizontal position during movements on uneven surfaces and sudden starts or stops.
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Design of a Controller to Overcome Air Ball in the Ball-on-plate System Applied to a Shelf Cart Sangsin Park Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2025; 42(4): 301. CrossRef
Deep learning-based fault diagnosis systems for prognostics and health management of mechanical systems is an active research topic. Notably, the absence and class imbalance of fault data (insufficient fault data compared to normal data) have been shown to cause many challenges in developing fault diagnosis systems for the manufacturing fields. Therefore, this paper presents case studies using deep learning algorithms in the absence or class imbalance of fault data. Auto-encoder-based anomaly detection method, which can be used when fault data is absent, was applied to diagnose faults in a robotic spot welding process. The anomaly detection threshold was set based on the reconstruction error of trained normal data and the confidence level of the distribution of normal data. The anomaly detection performance of the auto-encoder was verified using non-trained normal data and three sets of fault data through the threshold. As a case study for insufficient fault data, synthetic data was generated based on cGAN and applied to diagnose fault of bearing. Using the imbalanced dataset to generate synthetic fault data and to reduce the imbalance ratio, it was confirmed that the accuracy of the synthetic data generation-based 2DCNN fault diagnosis model was improved.
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Distribution of Force Applied to a Lateral Damper during EMU Operation Hyun Moo Hur, Kyung Ho Moon, Seong Kwang Hong Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2024; 41(9): 673. CrossRef
This study reports on the feasibility of applying polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) system to an energy storage system (ESS). We modeled each constituting system to compute the overall efficiency of the ESS. As a result, it was verified that the power plants’ electric powering capability can be curtailed. The amount of reduction is equal to that of 2nd Gori Nuclear Power Plant currently under construction. We calculated that approximately 320.85 L/day · MW of hydrogen is produced on a national scale. Also, Seoul’s demand output power of PEMFC and the requisite area of sites to install the PEMFC system are approximately 236 MW and 59059 m² respectively. This study can contribute to preventing the upsurge of the entire electric powering installed capability. Based on the present technology level, this study diagnoses the use of hydrogen-based ESS which will be introduced in the upcoming hydrogen economy period. Considering the water electrolysis by polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers are currently at the beginning of commercialization and the energy density per mass of hydrogen is exceedingly high, we anticipate that the future of hydrogen base ESS’ effectiveness will reach greater levels than the analysis of this study.
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In this study, a four-axis platform capable of rolling, pitch, and yaw rotation was created for rehabilitation and exercise. Based on this, a virtual coach and a virtual reality game system were developed. The virtual coach is a 3D person model created with the Unity program that allows the user to exercise in the correct posture with the virtual coach, and recognizes the correct posture with the Kinect. Additionally, a virtual reality game has been developed, and in conjunction with this, the actual platform also moves to increase the rehabilitation effect. The upper body and lower body movement and plantar pressure measurement were used to associate with the four-axis platform to maintain strength and balance the body.
[Purpose] To investigate the correlation between joint position sense (JPS) during hip abduction and static/dynamic balance abilities. [Method] The study enrolled 22 healthy college undergraduates and a smartphone application known as Clinometer was used to measure JPS during hip abduction using the passive setting/active reproduction. Balance ability was measured at levels 12, 7, and 3 of the Biodex Balance System. The JPS error during hip abduction was correlated with balance ability in relation to sway level. [Results] Error in JPS during hip abduction was moderately correlated with all balance scores at all sway levels (r≥0.38, p≤0.04 for all), except for the anterior-posterior balance at levels 12 and 3 (r≤0.24, p≥0.30 for both). [Conclusion] A significant correlation existed between JPS during hip abduction and balance ability, regardless of sway level. Therefore, adequate sensory training of the hip joint is needed during balance training.
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Maintaining balance is a factor critical and integral to our effective physical function as it relates to the normal activities of daily living. Of the “hip strategy”, “stepping strategy” and “ankle strategy”, it is known and accepted that the “ankle strategy” is the first activated parameter to assist in the maintenance of balance in motor output. However, few studies actually evaluated or assessed the precise attributes of “ankle strategy” in relation to any therapeutic effort tocorrect and/or rehabilitate from physical imbalance caused by dynamic tilting perturbation. The aim of the study was to identify precise characteristics of the “ankle strategy” as they respond to dynamic tilting perturbations. Seven healthy male (aged 25.5 ± 1.7 years, average height of 173.9 ± 6.4 cm, average body mass of 71.3 ± 6.5 kg) were recruited to participate. The ankle joint motions were subjected to eight dynamic tilting perturbations generated by the customized tilting perturbation simulator, and the responses were measured by 3D motion capture system. Concurrently, foot pressure distribution and the corresponding centers of pressure (COP) trajectory were measured by a pressure measuring system, and the four main muscles’ activations related to the ankle joint motions were measured by wireless electromyogram system.
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Estimation of Unmeasured Golf Swing of Arm Based on the Swing Dynamics Changwon Lee, Sukyung Park International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing.2018; 19(5): 745. CrossRef
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The purpose of this study was to develop and verify the smart insole based FSR sensor for measurement and improvement of the muscle strength imbalance. We recruited 15 subjects with muscle strength difference over 20% and 15 subjects with muscle strength balance below 10%. We developed the human body load insole and integrated modules using FSR sensor. Subjects walked for 5 minutes at a slope of 0% and a speed of 3 km / h on a treadmill with a smart insole. We measured the real-time muscle activity and foot pressure according to the muscle strength imbalance during gait. FSR data of the developed smart insole showed that the insole had similar accuracy and efficacy as muscle activity and foot pressure. This is the interval in which the muscle imbalance shifts from the stance phase to the load reaction, and the weight support is the largest, and the center of gravity of the human body passes over the whole foot, which is considered to cause the greatest imbalance. This suggests that there is a direct or indirect correlation between muscle strength imbalance of the lower limb and the imbalance of the body weight distribution during gait.
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Design and manufacturing of a smart insole Seung Joo Lee, Chae Young Park, In Hwan Lee Sensors and Actuators A: Physical.2026; 397: 117225. CrossRef
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The purpose of this study was to analyze dynamic postural balance against tilting perturbation in the young and the elderly. Twenty-eight young subjects and 22 elderly subjects participated in this study. Subjects performed dynamic balance test on a force plate during tilting perturbations (tilt-up and tilt-down). As outcome measures, peak distance and velocity were calculated from center of pressure (COP). Two-way ANOVA were performed for the outcome measures with the independent factors of age and gender. COP peak distance of the elderly was significantly greater than that of the young (p < 0.05). Velocity of COP showed age difference (p < 0.001) and also interaction effects only in tilt-up perturbation (p < 0.05). Especially, age-related difference existed in only women (p < 0.001). The age-related changing of women in the dynamic balance may be related to the greater fall rate of elderly women.
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of static stretching of the calf muscle on ankle position sense and dynamic balance ability following microwave diathermy. Participants were 28 healthy young students in their 20 s, who were divided into a microwave diathermy stretching group (MSG) and a stretching group (SG). A microwave was emitted to the calf muscle area to participants in the MSG. Static stretching was performed by standing on a quadriceps board for 15 minutes. The angle of the wedge was set to a range of 15–25°, representing a level of pain and discomfort allowed by the subjects. Before and after intervention, ankle dorsi-plantar flexion joint position sense (JPS) and dynamic balance ability were measured. The group source affected JPS error of dorsi-plantar flexion (p < 0.05) and JPS error increased with the SG more than the MSG. There was an increase in the dynamic balance score in both groups after the intervention compared to before the intervention. Microwave therapy prior to stretching can preserve JPS and balance ability, thereby reducing the risk of injuries from activities after stretching.
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Relationship between Hip Joint Position Sense and Balance Abilities Daehee Lee, Seulki Han Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering.2018; 35(12): 1205. CrossRef
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